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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dysmorphism and mental retardation have been reported in 7 Swedish children born of mothers who had taken high doses of benzodiazepines regularly during pregnancy. To explore this association further, we examined benzodiazepine use during pregnancy in 104,000 women whose deliveries were registered by the US public health insurance system, Medicaid, during 1980-83. Fetal outcomes were assessed from the health claims profiles of their offspring, up to 6-9 years after delivery. 80 pregnant women had received 10 or more benzodiazepine prescriptions during the 4 years. Their records showed heavy general use of health care and frequent alcohol and substance abuse, and other disorders that could confound any effect of the benzodiazepines. For the 80 pregnancies, 3 intrauterine deaths were identified as well as 2 infants with congenital abnormalities whose curtailed records suggested neonatal death. Records of 64 surviving children could be linked to these 80 pregnancies whilst records for 11 apparent survivors could not be located. 6 of the 64 survivors had diagnoses consistent with teratogenic abnormalities. The high rate of teratogenicity after heavy maternal benzodiazepine use occurs with multiple alcohol and substance exposure and thus may not be due to benzodiazepine exposure.
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PMID:Effects of exposure to benzodiazepine during fetal life. 135 99

A total of 196 nonspecialty state hospitals in the U.S. each identified one patient--referred to as the hospital's "worst" recidivist--admitted to the hospital in 1987 who had the most lifetime admissions to that hospital. Persons admitted for mental retardation or substance abuse detoxification were excluded. The mean age of the recidivists was 42.2 years; their mean age at first admission was 24.7. The number of admissions per patient ranged from five to 121, with a mean of 31. Compared with the national population of state hospital admissions, significantly larger proportions of recidivists had diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder. More research is needed to determine actual community tenure of patients who receive revolving-door care and whether alternative approaches would be more effective.
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PMID:A report on the "worst" state hospital recidivists in the U.S. 142 98

The shift to dangerousness-oriented civil commitment criteria has led to speculation that mentally ill persons who do not meet those criteria are being hospitalized under criminal commitment statutes. Using data on patients' psychiatric symptoms at admission to a state hospital in Massachusetts, the authors retrospectively assessed whether patients charged with minor criminal offenses who were committed for evaluation of competence to stand trial would have met civil commitment criteria. The data suggest that most mentally ill patients who were criminally committed could have been civilly committed. However, a relatively greater proportion of persons with substance abuse, mental retardation, or other conditions who did not meet civil commitment criteria for mental illness were committed for pretrial evaluation.
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PMID:Are pretrial commitments for forensic evaluation used to control nuisance behavior? 160 3

The Galt Visiting Scholar in Public Mental Health program was developed in Virginia to strengthen the relationships between the Virginia Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services and the Commonwealth's three medical schools. We describe the development and evolution of this program and its accomplishments to date. Despite significant accomplishments, many of the key recommendations of previous Galt Scholars have not been enacted. The Galt Scholar approach of a consultant model is discussed and analyzed structurally using consultation theory. This analysis demonstrates both the potentials and limits of consultant models of state-university collaboration.
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PMID:The Galt Visiting Scholar in Public Mental Health: a review of a model of state-university collaboration. 177 2

A retrospective descriptive analysis was undertaken on all patients discharged from Ashburn Hall over a 14 month period. The sample of 256 patients was found to have a female to male ratio of 6:4 and contained 4.3% of individuals without school certificate (cf 48.3% national statistics) and 23% with a university degree or diploma (cf 13.2% in the general population). Seventy-four point six percent of the sample had some significant previous psychiatric history although for 68% of the sample this was their first admission to Ashburn Hall. A quarter of the sample came from the surrounding geographic area and patients were more likely to be referred by specialists rather than general practitioners as geographic distance increased from the hospital. Comparisons with the public system showed a predominance of patients with major affective disorder and less patients with a diagnosis of substance abuse and mental retardation.
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PMID:User pays in the mental health service--256 discharges from Ashburn Hall. 276 92

If national differences in psychiatric morbidity could be established, this information could guide us towards greater understanding of psychopathology and perhaps aid in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of psychiatric disorders. Obstacles to determining national differences include application of epidemiological concepts in psychiatry, diagnostic criteria and reliability, sampling and data collection problems, and factors affecting rates which are not constant across nations (e.g., mortality associated with psychiatric disorder, migration). Despite these problems, four diagnostic entities are considered from the standpoint of national differences (i.e., schizophrenia, substance abuse, mental retardation, and pathoplastic or "culture bound" disorders). Three examples of social or "supra-diagnostic" problems relevant to national differences in psychiatric morbidity are also addressed: youth as a high risk group, homeless mentally ill, and adversive migration.
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PMID:National differences in psychiatric morbidity: methodological issues, scientific interpretations and social implications. 306 28

Substance abuse among mentally retarded persons, first described 55 years ago, has received little or no attention by specialists in mental retardation. With deinstitutionalization, this problem has reappeared, often followed by victimization (i.e., assault, rape, robbery). In this study the demographic characteristics, family and childhood history, substance use patterns, and substance-related problems of 40 mild mentally retarded persons are compared with those of 40 mild mentally retarded persons without substance abuse. Similarities with substance abusers who are not mentally retarded are noted. Recommendations for alleviating this serious problem among mentally retarded persons are made.
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PMID:Substance use and abuse among mentally retarded persons: a comparison of patients and a survey population. 326 26

Twelve filicidal men were examined on a forensic psychiatric service. The majority suffered from severe mental impairments due to psychosis, neurological disorders, substance abuse, or mental retardation. Most of the filicidal acts committed by these chronically impaired men resulted from isolated explosive behavior.
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PMID:A study of filicidal men. 341 58

The violence inherent in the world of substance abuse is conspicuously absent as a research issue in published studies in this area. Computer searches surfaced articles dealing with mental health/mental retardation. A synthesis of these articles indicates that the setting, therapy, and staff identified as most effective in the treatment of violent patients coincide with those found in drug and alcohol therapeutic communities. (The use by some drug and alcohol clinicians of radical confrontation therapy was the only practice seemingly counterindicated on treatment effectiveness and ethical and legal grounds). We emphasize the need for a drug and alcohol research focus on violence.
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PMID:What is the role of violence in the therapeutic community? 704 2

This review of studies on the prevalence of mental disorders in adults with mental retardation comes to the following principal conclusions: Mainly due to research problems and psychiatry's disinterest there continues to be limited epidemiological findings; compared with people of normal intelligence the prevalence rate of mental disorders is about 50% higher in mild mental retardation and 2-3 fold higher in severe mental retardation; substance abuse or -dependence as well as neurotic disturbances may be less prevalent while self-injurious behaviour seems to be rather specific for subjects with mental retardation. As far as factor analytic studies are concerned the two syndromes of irritability and lethargy may play a major role in the psychopathology of severe mental retardation.
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PMID:[Psychological disorders in mental handicap--prevalence and psychopathologic characteristics]. 794 46


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