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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence and aetiology of mild mental retardation (IQ 50-70) and borderline retardation (IQ 71-85) were studied on the basis of a one-year (1966) birth cohort of 12,058 live-born infants, which were followed prospectively up to the age of 14 years. The cumulative incidences for MMR and borderline retardation were 5.5 and 13.4 per 1,000 respectively. In the borderline group there was a male preponderance of 2.3:1 as compared to 1.2:1 in MMR children. A causal factor could be identified for 46.9% of MMR children and 31.4% of borderline ones. Prenatal factors had very little bearing, since only 6% of the MMR and 6.7% of the borderline cases had such, as compared to 28.7% and 20.4% for perinatal factors and 12.1% and 4.3% for postnatal factors. An analysis of the impact of specific obstetrical and perinatal factors revealed that very few constituted relevant relative risks for mental retardation.
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PMID:Mild mental retardation in northern Finland. 348 5

For the purpose of early detection and early habilitation for developmentally handicapped children, we started medical screening in 1978 for pediatric neurological diseases among children in Sodegaura City, Chiba Prefecture with a total population of about 50,000. A statistical analysis were performed for the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP), mental retardation (MR, I.Q < 70) and Down syndrome (Down). The number of liveborn babies during 1978-1987 was 5,070. The number of patients with CP, MR and Down were 11, 44 and 5 respectively. The incidence rates of CP, MR and Down were 0.217%, 0.868% and 0.099% respectively, which were almost equal to those recent reports. The rate of perinatal brain damage with CP was 81.8%. The incidence rates of mild MR (MMR, I.Q 69-50) and severe MR (SMR, I.Q < 50) were 0.512% and 0.355% respectively. The SMR rate was almost equal to recent reports, and the MMR rate was different from some reports. The rates of prenatal brain damage, perinatal brain damage, postneonatal brain damage and unknown origin with MR were 20.5%, 22.7%, 4.5% and 34.1% respectively. The rate of perinatal disorders, which play some role in the etiology of MR, was 18.2%. Even now, the perinatal disorders play a major role of CP and MR. Therefore the progress of perinatal medicine is strongly desired.
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PMID:[Incidence rates of cerebral palsy, mental retardation and Down syndrome in Sodegaura City, Chiba Prefecture]. 791 91

Rubella, also known as German measles, is usually a very mild infection that can have devastating effects in certain instances. It is a pleomorphic RNA virus in the Togaviridae family of the genus Rubivirus. It typically causes a scarletiniform rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and mild constitutional symptoms, but in older children and adults, especially women, it may be more severe, with joint involvement and purpuric rash. Infection during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy results in congenital infection and/or miscarriage in 80-90% of cases. The congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) involves multiple organ systems and has a long period of active infection and virus shedding in the postnatal period. For these reasons, the rubella vaccine program was instituted in 1969, and the incidence of rubella infection in the United States has since declined by 99%. Rubella has been recognized as a disease for approximately 200 years, and it has since been found that humans are the only natural reservoir for the rubella virus. Virus is present in nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, feces, and urine during the clinical illness, although patients with subclinical disease are also infectious. The virus is spread via oral droplets and is shed in the nasopharynx for approximately 7 days before and after the rash is visible. CRS includes a configuration of anomalies, including nerve deafness, cataracts, cardiac anomalies (usually pulmonary artery and valvular stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosis), and mental retardation, with late complications including diabetes, thyroid disease, growth hormone deficiency, and progressive panencephalitis. In 1969, the first rubella vaccine was licensed for use, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began its National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry. As required under the National Childhood Injury Act, all healthcare providers in the United States who administer any vaccine shall, prior to administration of the vaccine, provide a copy of the Vaccine Information Statements (VIS) produced by the CDC to the parent or legal representative of any child to whom the provider intends to administer such vaccine, or to any adult to whom the provider intends to administer such vaccine. Despite efforts to vaccinate children, CRS continues to occur in the United States. Hispanic infants have an increased risk of CRS. HIV-1infected children with a preserved immune system and MMR immunization had a good response to rubella vaccine. In contrast, those in more advanced categories for HIV infection responded poorly. Issues of risk, choice, and chance are central to the controversy over the MMR vaccine that erupted in the UK in 1998, and has continued into the new millennium. An important contribution to the MMR controversy has come from the parents of autistic children, some of whom reject the notion that this disorder is a random genetic misfortune and insist that it is, at least in part, the result of some environmental insult, such as MMR vaccinations.
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PMID:Rubella and congenital rubella (German measles). 1602 42

Mental retardation (MR) is defined as congenital or early onset lifelong impairment of cognitive and adaptive functioning (IQ < 70). It effects approximately 3% of the Western population. The causes are heterogenous. Numerical or structural chromosome abnormalities are responsible for 10-20% of the mild cases (MMR) and 40% of the severe cases (SMR). Among them Down syndrome represents the most frequent chromosome aberration and the most frequent defined MR syndrome. Gonosomal aberrations do not coincide with MR, as long as only one gonosome is lost or gained. Nearly all unbalanced structural autosomal aberrations cause SMR. Recent studies suggested that sub-microscopic chromosomal microdeletions or subtelomeric rearrangements account for approximately 10% of the undiagnosed cases. They represent a group of newly defined disorders. Single gene mutations are responsible for > 1200 known syndromal conditions with MR. But only few causative genes have been identified as yet. However, an increasing number of genes causing X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) have been localized and cloned, namely 38 genes of the 136 known syndromic conditions and 19 for the non-syndromic conditions. XLMR explains the 20 % excess of males over females. Despite the increasing knowledge about the causes of MR, about half of the cases remain undiagnosed. Guidelines for the diagnostic procedure in children with MR have been proposed.
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PMID:[Genetic causes of mental retardation]. 1603 86

Information about the extent of additional disabilities presented and experienced by the mentally retarded children is essential for proper health services planning for this group.The objective of this case-control study was to identify the developmental milestones and additional disabilities of mildly mentally retarded male children. Sixty-nine parents of mildly mentally retarded male children (MMR group) and a similar number of matched parents of normal male children (control group) were interviewed and a questionnaire was completed.Generally, the MMR group children smiled, sat, walked, talked and became continent for urine and bowel significantly later than the control group. Additional disabilities in the children of the MMR group were in the form of speech (65%), visual (28%), limb weakness (20%), hearing (16%), convulsive disorder (15%) and other disabilities (10%).Well structured health education and I.Q. screening programs were recommended for early detection of mental retardation and subsequent entry to special education. Institutes for mentally retarded children in the Kingdom need to be better vocationally equipped. The role of Family and Community Physicians in early detection and management was also emphasized.
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PMID:Developmental Milestones and Additional Disabilities in Children attending ESN/M School in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 2301 12