Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Identification and measurement of rubella antibody of 19 S (IgM) and 7 S (IgG) immunoglobulins by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a modified hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI)-test is described. Human group 0 of red blood cells were employed after trypsination. The method proved to be highly reliable and sensitive for the rapid detection of rubella IgM antibody in routine research to make an accurate diagnosis of recent rubella infection. Sera from 185 pregnant women, 200 children suspect of congenital infection, 15 mothers of intrauterin infected children, and 32 cases of rubella vaccine-induced immunity control were studied. In postnatal rubella infections, specific IgM-antibody could be detected in all sera after the onset of the rash up to eight or ten weeks after infection. From March 1973 until September 1974 laboratory diagnosis confirmed 30 of 185 pregnant women to have been recently infected with rubella. In less than 3% (4 cases) the results could not confirm or exclude a recent history of rubella. Among 200 children with congenital defects or some irregular development, specific IgM antibody was detected in 36 cases. The diagnosis of congenital rubella was confirmed or detected in the first months of life. One of the infected children was well at birth but later developed mental retardation and hearing loss, and some others showed only minor defects. In some children rubell IgM antibody persisted 5-14 months. IgM rubella antibody was not found in the sera of 15 mothers from children with intrauterine infection confirmed by IgM antibody demonstration. Post-vaccination-tests showed serum IgM and IgG immunoglobulin-responses to be similar to the natural rubella-virus-infection. Maximal titers of both immunoglobulin-fractions were but four-fold lower after vaccination (28 of 32 tested cases). The described method is able to verify the time of infection by testing a single serum. The HAI-test of the 12 fractions collected from each serum after density-gradient centrifugation shows a typical titer-profil for every time of immunization status: beginning with traces of IgM-antibody - when the HAI-test of the uncentrifugated serum may be less than 1:10 - until 10 weeks after infection when only IgG-antibody will be detectable. The greatest amount of IgM-antibody is found in the 2. to 4. week after the rash.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of rubella by demonstrating rubella-specific 19 S and 7 S antibodies (author's transl)]. 127 96

Cytomegalovirus remains the most common congenital infection worldwide, with approximately 1% of all newborns infected in utero. Of those infected in utero, approximately 10% will have signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection at birth and develop sequelae, especially mental retardation, hearing deficit, or both. Recent data indicate that more than 90% of symptomatic infections or infections causing sequelae occur following a primary maternal infection during pregnancy. The overall risk of delivering an infant who will develop significant handicaps following a primary maternal infection is between 10% and 20%. Between 1% and 2% of seronegative women may acquire a primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy, but seronegative women at high risk include day-care workers, who have a 10% to 20% annual infection rate, and the seronegative mothers of infected children under 2 years of age, 50% of whom will acquire cytomegalovirus annually from their children. Adolescents are another group who may have a high infection rate during pregnancy. Although a cytomegalovirus vaccine is still many years from introduction, these observations strengthen the need and feasibility for a cytomegalovirus vaccine. Pending vaccine development and evaluation, several possible strategies for intervention to prevent primary infection for high-risk pregnancies are suggested.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus and pregnancy. 132 51

Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic in pregnant women but poses a risk of severe effects on the fetus. One to eight of every 1,000 pregnant women become infected, and the infection is transmitted to the fetus in approximately 40 percent of these cases. The risk of transmission rises with increasing gestational age at the time of initial infection. Congenital infection with toxoplasmosis may lead to serious sequelae, such as blindness, mental retardation, neurologic deficits and deafness. Prevention of morbidity from toxoplasmosis depends on prevention of the infection in pregnant women, plus early recognition and aggressive treatment of maternal infections.
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PMID:Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: an emerging concern for family physicians. 155 44

Twenty-seven infants with cytomegalovirus hepatitis were followed up for 15-40 months after onset of the illness. They had recovered from the hepatitis, but microcephaly was present in 2 (7.4%), sensorineural hearing loss in 5 (18.5%), quadriplegia, mental retardation, ventricular septal defect and tooth defects in 1 (3.7%) each. The patients with congenital infection had more severe and complex defects, some with perinatal infection had mild defects, those with postnatally acquired infection had no sequelae. The mean MDI and frequency of expressive language delay in the former group differed significantly from those of the other 2. Five patients still excreted cytomegalovirus in the urine at follow-up.
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PMID:Effects of cytomegalovirus hepatitis on growth, development and nervous system of infants. A follow-up study. 165 27

Congenital infection by human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is presently the leading infectious cause of mental retardation and congenital deafness in the United States. Live CMV vaccines in healthy adults have been shown to be safe and to induce immune responses similar to those that occur with natural CMV infection. Yet, only recently has a live CMV vaccine been tested for its protective ability. To evaluate the cost benefit and effectiveness of the proposed live CMV vaccine, we compared the following strategies: routine immunization, selective immunization of those women screened and found to be seronegative, and no immunization. Our results show that, when direct costs alone are considered, routine immunization of healthy women aged 15-25 years is cost beneficial even in populations with CMV seroprevalence as high as 87%. In populations with lower seroprevalence (55%-70%), for every 100,000 women immunized, more than 24 cases of symptomatic congenital CMV infection at birth and a similar number of cases with late sequelae (mainly deafness) would be prevented yearly. Such immunization would result in a net annual saving of $2.5 million.
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PMID:Effectiveness and cost benefit of a proposed live cytomegalovirus vaccine in the prevention of congenital disease. 215 28

Cytomegalovirus infection is spread in various ways--from mother to fetus or baby, from small children in day-care centers to caregivers and parents, by blood transfusions, by sexual contact. Although the illness is usually inconsequential, congenital infection can have severe consequences, including mental retardation and hearing loss. Dr Bean describes the different aspects of this virus and discusses a promising vaccine that may prevent congenital disease.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus. An update for primary care physicians. 217 49

The neurodevelopmental state of 41 children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and their controls was assessed at 2 years using the Griffiths scale. The scores achieved by children with congenital cytomegalovirus but with no associated neurological abnormality (asymptomatic) were similar to those of the control children, whereas the mean score of the five children with congenital infection and neurological impairment (symptomatic) was significantly lower. This study, which has the statistical power to detect differences in developmental quotient as small as five points, gave no evidence that at 2 years cytomegalovirus infection was associated with mental retardation in the absence of other neurological impairment. Thus 90% of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection at 2 years are neurologically and developmentally normal.
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PMID:Neurodevelopmental assessment after congenital cytomegalovirus infection. 242 40

Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis usually presents during the first three decades of life as a consequence of intra-uterine infection by Toxoplasma gondii. The ingestion of infected undercooked meat, or foodstuffs contaminated by infected cat faeces, constitute the primary sources of infection for the non-immune mother. It is thought that following congenital infection, Toxoplasma cysts remain dormant in otherwise normal retina and that acute retinochoroiditis is the result of reactivation of the parasite, perhaps by cyst rupture. Treatment is indicated for sight threatening disease and comprises anti-Toxoplasma agents. The addition of steroids may be required to diminish the inflammatory response. Photocoagulation of normal retina around focal lesions probably decreases the incidence of recurrent inflammation. Women should be advised not to eat undercooked meat and to avoid contact with cat excrement during pregnancy. These measures will decrease the incidence of both eye disease and the more severe manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis, which include congenital abnormalities, mental retardation, hydrocephalus and blindness.
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PMID:Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis--a historical review and current concepts. 266 25

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection occurs in about 1% of live births. Although symptomatic congenital infection often results in severe developmental deficits and mental retardation, about 90% have asymptomatic infection. Previous studies of the intellectual development in children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus have resulted in mixed findings. To control for the effects of hearing impairment (which occurs in about 15% of asymptomatic children) on intelligence scores, we tested 18 prospectively followed, normally hearing, school-aged children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (15 black, ten male) and 18 controls matched for age, sex, race, school grade, and socioeconomic status. Children were tested via the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, and the Wide Range Achievement Test. Multivariate analysis revealed no differences between groups on intelligence scores or subscales, achievement scores, or incidence of learning disabilities (defined as significant discrepancy between intelligence and achievement), and mean scores for both groups were very close to national norms. It is concluded that the 25,000 children born in the United States each year with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus and normal hearing are not likely to be at increased risk of mental impairment.
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PMID:Intellectual development in school-aged children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. 301 52

Thirty-four patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection who were symptomatic as newborns were followed in a special clinic providing periodic medical and visual examinations as well as psychometric testing and audiometry. All patients had symptoms of congenital infection by 2 weeks of age, and 31 of 34 had virus isolated from urine within the first month of life. Age at latest follow-up varied from 9 months to 14 years with a mean of about 4 years. Ten patients died and 23 surviving patients had adequate follow-up examinations; all but two had evidence of central nervous system or auditory handicaps. Microcephaly was present in 16 (70%), mental retardation in 14 (61%), hearing loss in seven (30%), neuromuscular disorders in eight (35%), and chorioretinitis or optic atrophy in five (22%). Children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection are at very high risk for handicaps that will significantly impair development.
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PMID:Outcome of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: results of long-term longitudinal follow-up. 615 68


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