Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Conditioned behavioural hearing tests cannot be performed in children before the developmental age of 8 months. Informal tests cannot be used as threshold tests as the stimuli are unspecific in frequency, and the observed reactions are not equivalent to the threshold level. Brainstem response audiometry (BRA) was performed on 47 children (23 normal children and 24 children with mental retardation with or without behavioural disturbances) in whom informal test results were unclear. The BRA was followed up by behavioural tests 1 to 10 years later. In none of the cases did the BRA thresholds indicate better hearing function than the actual threshold noted later on at behavioural tests. High BRA thresholds (up to 75 dB nHL) were found in 5 normal-hearing children with serous otitis media at the time of BRA recording.
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PMID:Behavioural tests: applications and limitations in comparison with brainstem response audiometry. 189 56

Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy are the most common major operations done on children. The indications for tonsillectomy in certain clinical situations are constantly being debated in the literature and among professionals. We studied the efficacy (or lack of it) of adenotonsillectomy for chronic tonsillitis (recurrent throat infections), oral nasal obstruction, peritonsillar abscess, elimination of a bacterial carrier state, biopsy, and prevention of tongue thrusting with resultant anterior open bite. Adenoidectomy has been advocated in the literature for the treatment of nasal obstruction, sinusitis, and chronic serous otitis media. Complications of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy include hemorrhage, anesthetic death, infection, nasopharyngeal stenosis, patulous eustachian tube, and hypernasality. Children at risk for hypernasality are those with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders, and submucous cleft of the soft palate. Because of the severity of the complications that can be encountered in any child, medical and conservative therapy should be attempted before operation is done. Proper antibiotic therapy will often control chronic serous otitis, sinusitis, and chronic, recurrent tonsillitis. Bacterial synergy is important to consider when selecting antibiotic therapy, since beta-lactamase production may protect pathogens commonly considered susceptible to standard antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Adenotonsillectomy in children: indications and contraindications. 316 79

A group of 199 children and adolescents (153 boys, 46 girls) with autistic disorder was audiologically evaluated. Mild to moderate hearing loss was diagnosed in 7.9% and unilateral hearing loss in 1.6% of those who could be tested appropriately. Pronounced to profound bilateral hearing loss or deafness was diagnosed in 3.5% of all cases, representing a prevalence considerably above that in the general population and comparable to the prevalence found in populations with mental retardation. Hearing deficits in autism occurred at similar rates at all levels of intellectual functioning, so it does not appear that the covariation with intellectual impairment per se can account for all of the variance of hearing deficit in autism. Hyperacusis was common, affecting 18.0% of the autism group and 0% in an age-matched nonautism comparison group. In addition, the rate of serous otitis media (23.5%) and related conductive hearing loss (18.3%) appeared to be increased in autistic disorder. The study emphasizes the need for auditory evaluation of individuals with autism in order to refer those with pronounced to profound hearing loss for aural habilitation and to follow those with mild to moderate hearing loss because of the risk of deterioration.
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PMID:Autism and hearing loss. 1058 81

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized primarily by rod-cone dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, central obesity, mental retardation, hypogonadism, and renal dysfunction. We present two cases of this syndrome, both female, who presented with complaints of nyctalopia and mental retardation, and additionally one of them had sensorineural hearing loss while the other had serous otitis media. Hearing loss being a rare presentation is worth reporting. Both the patients were given a course of vitamin A and the parents were counseled regarding the prognosis and additional complications associated with the syndrome.
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PMID:Bardet Biedl Syndrome - A Report of Two Cases with Otolaryngologic Symptoms. 2851 23