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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a comparative study of temperament and intelligence in groups of mentally retarded and normal children, it was found that mentally retarded children who also had excess of psychopathology in them, showed greater signs of 'difficult' child temperament. Relationship between intelligence and emotionality variable of temperament was linear and positive in the mentally retarded children. This study generates the hypothesis that negative mood may be temperamental correlated with mental retardation.
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PMID:Temperament characteristics of mentally retarded children. 224 19

The pre-school period is one in which behavior disorders may develop, especially if the child has certain constitutional faults and especially if the parents react unsuitably. Temperamental characteristics are discussed and the cluster of characteristics of the difficult child described in some detail to illustrate how trouble can be avoided if the parents can adapt healthily to the challenge of such a child. The concept of the emotionally disturbed child is examined. The specific syndromes are reviewed with emphasis on mental retardation, the hyperkinetic syndrome and childhood psychosis. Reactive behavior disorders, neurosis in childhood, special symptoms, excessive emotionality and depression are discussed.In management, the family doctor can fortunately be most effective, but only if he can spare the time and patience, concentrate on listening well, take a good history and give practical advice in which he believes. Medication is of secondary importance. If the community lacks facilities need to help these children further, then the physician can add a strong voice to those seeking them and can often provide the needed informed leadership. Some suggestions for further reading are made and are found in the footnotes.
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PMID:Behavior disorders in the pre-school child. 2046 69

Phenylketonuria is characterized by a variable degree of mental retardation and other neurological features whose mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study we investigated the effect of intrahippocampal administration of phenylalanine, isolated or associated with pyruvate or creatine, on rat behavior and on oxidative stress. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: saline; phenylalanine; pyruvate; creatine; phenylalanine + pyruvate; phenylalanine + creatine. Phenylalanine was administered bilaterally in the hippocampus one hour before training; pyruvate, at the same doses, was administered in the hippocampus one hour before phenylalanine; creatine was administered intraperitoneally twice a day for 5 days before training; controls received saline solution at same volumes than the other substances. Parameters of exploratory behavior and of emotionality were assessed in both training and test sessions in the open field task. Rats receiving phenylalanine did not habituate to the open field along the sessions, indicating deficit of learning/memory, but parameters of emotionality were normal, not interfering in the habituation process. Pyruvate or creatine administration prevented the lack of habituation caused by phenylalanine. Pyruvate and creatine also prevented alterations provoked by phenylalanine on lipid peroxidation, total content of sulfhydryls, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential and total antioxidant reactivity. The results suggest that the behavioral alterations provoked by intra-hippocampal administration of phenylalanine may be caused, at least in part, by oxidative stress and/or energy deficit. If this also occurs in PKU, it is possible that pyruvate and creatine supplementation to the phenylalanine-restricted diet might be beneficial to phenylketonuric patients.
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PMID:Pyruvate and creatine prevent oxidative stress and behavioral alterations caused by phenylalanine administration into hippocampus of rats. 2210 31