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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A systematic investigation of morbidity patterns was conducted in 1977- 80 among 2580 children under 12 years of age attending mobile hospital camps in 4 districts on India's Hamachal Pradesh. The children came from remote villages where socioeconomic and educational levels were low and environmental sanitation was rudimentary. There were 1301 cases of protein energy malnutrition in this group, 124 involving children 0-1 year of age, 514 in the 1-5-year age group, and 663 (51%) in the 5-12- year age group. At the time of examination, 287 of the children were infested with worms and 125 had diarrhea. These 3 conditions-- malnutrition, worm infestation, and diarrhea--were present in 32% of the village children surveyed. The most common form of morbidity was nutritional disorders (malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies), affecting 70% of the children. The next most common condition was respiratory infection, affecting 35%. Other disorders affecting significant numbers of children were scabies, pyoderma, convulsions, mental retardation, rheumatic fever and congenital heart diseases, and renal diseases. Morbidity from conditions such as gastroenteritis, measles, and pneumonia was often accompanied by malnutrition. Thus, there is a need in this area for child health programs aimed at providing nutrition education as well as improving immunization coverage.
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PMID:Childhood morbidity in mobile hospital camps in Himachal Pradesh. 262 Sep 84

This paper describes the clinical, hormonal and radiologic profiles in 282 children evaluated for hypothyroidism. Short stature, mental retardation or puberal disturbances were often the presenting features in the older age group, whereas in the 1-5 years age group medical opinion was usually sought for symptomatology suggestive of thyroid hypofunction. Children in the 0-1 year group were suspected on the basis of psychomotor dysfunction. Skeletal immaturity was found in 93.0% of patients with overt hypothyroidism and in 36.6% cases with normal thyroid profiles but associated with malnutrition. High TSH levels were noted in 70.9% of the cases studied. 4.9% and 7.3% patients with normal TSH had low T3, and T4 levels respectively. FSH, testosterone and PRL levels were also affected in some patients with overt hypothyroidism. Therapeutic responses based on at least 1 year follow up were available in 170 cases. The results are discussed.
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PMID:Hypothyroidism in children/adolescents. Clinical and hormonal profiles. 263 58

The metal magnesium and the trace elements lead, lithium, copper, and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the plasma of 107 residents with different types of mental retardation at a state institution in Minnesota. Twenty-six staff volunteers and 29 residents with psychosocial mental retardation served as control subjects. Plasma magnesium concentrations were normal in all retarded subjects. Lead and lithium concentrations were below detection levels in all retarded and nonretarded subjects. Low copper concentrations were found in the plasma of retarded dwarfs and of male microcephalic subjects. The most significant finding was hypozincemia in 49 subjects with Down syndrome of both sexes and all ages. Because this finding was limited to residents with Down syndrome, a nutritional deficiency is most unlikely. The possible etiological factors of hypozincemia in Down syndrome were discussed.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of magnesium, lead, lithium, copper, and zinc in mentally retarded persons. 295 83

An 8-year-old boy with vitamin D-deficiency rickets, increased serum creatine kinase (CK), and hypocalcemia is described. At 5 years of age, he was evaluated because of recurrent tonic seizures. He had growth retardation, microcephaly, quadriplegia, mental retardation, and epilepsy. Muscle strength was difficult to assess because of multiple joint contractures. Deep tendon reflexes were hyperactive. Laboratory data indicated rachitic changes on x-ray, hypocalcemia, low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D) and 1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1-alpha-25-[OH]2-D) levels, a normal response to the Ellsworth-Howard test, and markedly increased CK. Electromyography and nerve conduction velocities were normal. The patient responded to 1-alpha-OH-D treatment with increased serum calcium and normal CK activity; a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) was observed between calcium and log CK. The clinical course and laboratory findings supported the hypothesis that the increased CK was due to hypocalcemia, which in turn was due to the vitamin D deficiency in the severely handicapped child with malnutrition.
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PMID:Increased serum creatine kinase due to hypocalcemia in vitamin D deficiency. 350 46

The nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn (SNJ) is a congenitally-occurring, hamartomatous disorder of the skin and its adnexa of infrequent occurrence. This presentation of five cases emphasizes the smooth, waxy, yellow-brown lesion's progression into a thickened sebaceous tumor of premalignant predilection. The incidence of neoplastic degeneration of these hamartomatous nevi may be as high as 30% with the capacity of metastasis occasionally reported. Because of malignancy risks as well as cosmetic considerations, early surgical removal is recommended. Previously unreported problems of dysphagia and malnutrition secondary to pulsion diverticulum at the esophageal inlet and cleft palate, obliterative aural stenosis with associated conductive hearing loss are documented. Regardless of SNJ's occurrence as either an isolated lesion or as the fully developed syndrome, including mental retardation and epilepsy, this congenital malformation of the skin, its hair, and sebaceous glands presents rare and histologically intriguing problems for the practitioner.
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PMID:Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: the head and neck manifestations. 361 88

This study identifies the pattern of mental retardation in 291 Nigerian children in Enugu. In 33.99% the etiology of mental retardation was congenital (present at birth), in 43.99% the cause was acquired and in the rest 23.02% no definite cause could be identified. The results, problems of diagnosis and management in relation to Nigeria are discussed. Massive support from the Government for improving the maternal and child welfare services as well as care for the mentally retarded children is solicited. The high % of cases due to birth trauma (23.38%) and severe neonatal jaundice (8.59%) reflects the quality of maternal and child welfare services as well as the obstetric care in the area. Full use of the available services and intensive health education in towns and villages could be most valuable. The increasing association of mental retardation with epilepsy in Nigerian children has been noted in other studies in this hospital. In the present study, epilepsy was found to cause mental retardation in 12.5% of cases in the acquired group and about 5% of the total number of cases. Malnutrition as a cause of defective mental development has been noted by several authors. However, in the present study, malnutrition could not be identified as a primary cause of mental retardation. In the congenital group, the high representation of Down's syundrome is striking. Children with this syndrome make up about 42.71% of the congenital group and 14% of the overall number of mentally retarded. The majority of mothers were over 35 and multiparous. The care of the mentally retarded child in Nigeria leaves much to be desired. Except for a few states, there are no homes or centers for the furthering of these handicapped children. Since the inception of the Pediatric Neurology Clinic in this hospital, efforts have focused on diagnosis and assessment. Some children aged 5-12 years have been referred to a privately-owned Therapeutic Day Center in Enugu for early furthering and play therapy.
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PMID:Aetiology of mental retardation in Nigerian children around Enugu. 398 90

Poor nutrition can adversely affect a child's mental and physical life. Malnutrition in a severe form can lead to mental retardation, and, through increased susceptability to disease, death. It is important ot introduce a variety of foods early in an infant's life, especially dark leafy vegatables and low-cost proteins, such as fish. Breast-feeding, too, is important. In underdeveloped countries especially it has been found that the larger the family, the smaller the amount of nutrients for each family member. That is why health workers who deal with family planning should concern themselves with nutrition. Only when nutrition education is combined with family planning can we expect to find vast improvements in both the physical and mental quality of human life.
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PMID:Nutrition and family health. 449 13

The spine morphology of LV--pyramidal neurons in the cingulate cortex was analyzed, using drawings of apical side dendrites without ramifications, by light microscopical analysis of 5300 times magnification in GOLGI-preparations of the brains of 11 and 60 days old control rats as well as of experimental animals reared under starvation conditions from day 1 till day 60 of their postnatal life. The spine density and the relative frequency of three different spine types (thin, mushroom and stubby shaped) was estimated in control and undernourished animals. Undernutrition resulted in a considerable deficit in the spine number of 25% in 11 days old animals, respectively, of 41% in 60 days old animals. Additionally, in 60 days old undernourished rats changes in the relative frequency of the three spine types was found. To the thin type belonged 46% (68% in controls) to the mushroom shaped form 37% (19% in controls) and to the stubby type 16% (13% in controls) of all visible spines. This pattern in 60 days old undernourished rats was very similar to the pattern of 11 days old control animals (thin 43%, mushroom 36%, stubby 22%). The evaluate the differentiation of the dendritic spines during ontogenesis as well as the disturbing influence of undernutrition on these processes, additional data of the spine morphology (neck length and head area) were collected. The spines of the 11 days old animals showed a larger head area (undernourished and controls) than the young adult ones. However, the thin spine type present in 60 days old undernourished rats exhibits morphological features (extremely long necks of about 2,5 micron in comparison to 1,6 micron in controls as well as very large heads) which appeared to be quite similar to the thin and long spine type observed by PURPURA (1975) in human fetal cortex and in cortex of patients with mental retardation. This super long thin spine type is considered to be a less ripe stage of the spine development. The relative high portion of mushroom and stubby shaped spines in undernourished and young animals points to the same assumption or to degenerative changes in the experimental animals.
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PMID:[Effect of nonspecific malnutrition on spine morphology of lamina V pyramidal cells of the cingulate area of juvenile and adult rats]. 644 22

Morbidity and mortality patterns were examined among 968 pediatric patients on the island of Dominica. These children, whose ages ranged from newborn to 13 years, were seen by the consulting pediatrician at Princess Margaret Hospital during a 9-month period in 1978-79; 852 children were seen as inpatients. A total of 477 cases of infectious disease were diagnosed among inpatients alone. Stool examination in a subsample of these children revealed parasites (mostly Trichuris) in roughly half. Also found was a relatively high prevalence of chronic health problems, especially rheumatic heart disease (34 cases), mental retardation (28 cases), epilepsy (31 cases), and sickle cell anemia (21 cases). Examination of the hospital records of 100 of the inpatients ages 6 months-5 years demonstrated that 34% were low weight-for-age according to the World Health Organization classification. There were 34 deaths (9 pediatric patients and 255 newborns). The high neonatal mortality is attributed to an unusually high incidence of immaturity and prematurity, irregular and insufficient hospital oxygen supply, and a septicemia epidemic. Although these findings reflect patterns of the more serious diseases, they could be useful in planning preventive health measures. The high prevalence of malnutrition points to a need for nutrition education, promotion of breastfeeding, promotion of vegetable growing, and the introduction of a home-based growth chart. The high incidence of diarrhea, typhoid fever, and helminthiases highlights problems with general hygiene, latrines, and water supply. There is also a need for follow-up facilities for children with rheumatic heart disease, epilepsy, and sickle cell anemia. It is suggested that hospital care could be improved by dividing pediatric and neonatology wards into 5 units: isolation ward, malnutrition ward, semi-intensive care unit, general pediatrics, and pediatric surgery.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality patterns among pediatric patients in Dominica (West Indies). 662 10

Nutrition programs and family planning programs have a mutual impact on each other and nutrition and family planning services can be provided in an integrated program; however, an integrated approach is not absolutely necessary as individual programs can also be beneficial. Reductions in population growth and family size can contribute toward inproving nutritional standards by increasing the available per capita food supply. Nutritional programs can promote family planning by reducing infant and child mortality. The proportion of the population in developing countries suffering from malnutrition ranges from 25%-75%. Major nutritional problems are anemia caused by iron and folate deficiency, goiter caused by iodine deficiency, and blindness caused by Vitamin A deficiency. Severe clinical malnutrition gives rise to pellegra, beriberi, and other serious disease which can be easily recognized and diagnosed. Only 2-3% of a poorly fed population suffers from severe clinical malnutrition. Most of the individuals in a poorly fed population suffer milder forms of malnutrition which are harder to diagnose. During the 1st stage of malnutrition body stores of needed materials decline. There are no outward clinical manifestations of this decline and the problem can be detected only through biochemical measurement. During later stages as organ dysfunction, tissue damage, and irreversible damage occurs the clinical signs become increasing apparent. The effects of poor nutrition on children include 1) reduced growth rates; 2) impairment of the body's defense system for fighting infection; and 3) mental retardation. The effects of poor nutrition on adults are more difficult to identify, but a number of studies indicate that work output is significantly decreased by malnutrition.
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PMID:Nutrition policies and population policies. 746 17


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