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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychiatrists enrolled 37 mothers of 3.5-8 year old children with an 70 IQ who came to the Child Guidance Clinic at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi in a behavior training study designed to give the mothers the tools they need to train their children in self help skills. They assessed each child and gave a questionnaire to the mothers prior to and after training. They asked mothers to record observations of behavior systematically. They also counselled each mother on her child's condition and involved them in selecting target behaviors to modify and reinforcers. Mothers learned various methods of developing self help skills in individual and group sessions. These methods included reward assessment, reward training, task analysis, prompting, shaping, chaining, modelling, and imitation. they also received training on teaching toilet training, feeding, bathing, and washing, and dressing. Dressing was the self help skill with the highest frequency of deficits (45.4%) whereas toilet training was the least (13.6%). Mothers preferred to dress the children rather than take the time to teach them to dress themselves. Since mothers did not record behavior and the children did not exhibit good toilet behavior at the clinic, considerable deficiency most likely did exist with toilet training. Only 54% of mothers attended 50% of training sessions so they learned only 2-3 task analysis steps. Further only 32% of mothers returned 6 months after the training sessions. Pre and post tests showed that mothers' knowledge improved in recognizing mental retardation as an illness. they also learned that their children can learn simple tasks. Yet they attributed undesirable behavior to physical abnormalities and did not try to modify this behavior. Further mothers tended not to reinforce positive behavior. Further research is needed into simplifying methods of assessing and monitoring skill level.
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PMID:Behavioral training for mothers of mentally handicapped children: teaching of self-help skills. 180 79

A study on 1314 children with mental retardation (MR) without an obvious environmental cause was carried out at Bangalore, Bombay, Delhi and Lucknow to determine the extent and pattern of genetic causes of mental retardation in different parts of India. In all, 42.3 per cent patients had mild, 25.3 per cent moderate, 19.2 per cent severe and 13.1 per cent profound mental retardation. Among 1314 patients, the chromosomal anomalies were found in 23.7 per cent, metabolic defects in 5.0 per cent and an identificable genetic syndrome in 11.6 per cent of the patients. In the remaining 59.7 per cent patients, no known genetic cause could be identified. However, 66.5 per cent of these patients had one or more of the following conditions: (i) congenital malformation with or without neurological deficit, (ii) history of consanguinity, (iii) positive family history of mental retardation or (iv) a positive screening test but without a confirmed diagnosis of metabolic defect (suggesting that there may be additional unidentified genetic causes of mental retardation).
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PMID:Multicentric study on genetic causes of mental retardation in India. ICMR Collaborating Centres & Central Co-ordinating Unit. 187 91

Present study was carried out at child guidance clinic of Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi. Sample consisted of 300 children (175 boys and 125 girls of aged 2-12 years) from November, 1994 to October, 1996. Diagnoses were made by using ICD-10 criteria. The major diagnoses were mental retardation (20.6%), epilepsy (20%), hysterical conversion reaction (6.3%), ADHD (5%) and childhood depression (6%).
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PMID:Prevalence and pattern of psychiatric morbidity in children. 1032 95

The paper outlines the development and assessment of a screening test for broad-based identification of major disabilities in children under 6 years of age. The Disability Screening Schedule (DSS) has been developed which should act as a one time screen for all major disabilities viz. physical, motor, sensory and mental retardation. The DSS was developed after reviewing a number of existing screening instruments. It was pilot tested in 3 phases and suitably modified. Nineteen AWW received a short training and used the DSS to screen children with disabilities in their respective areas. It was field tested by administering it on 3560 children (0-6 years) drawn from nine urban slums of South Delhi. The workers used the DSS and identified 245 children as having an impairment/at risk conditions and 3315 children were reported as normal. The investigator cross checked 219 'impaired' and 536 'normal' children. On the basis of the review exercise, the DSS was validated and was found to have a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.98. The DSS is a short questionnaire, and the administration time is about 5 minutes.
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PMID:Development and assessment of a screening test for detecting childhood disabilities. 1079 79

India, like other developing countries, is facing an accelerating demographic switch to non-communicable diseases. In the cities congenital malformations and genetic disorders are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Due to the high birth rate in India a very large number of infants with genetic disorders are born every year almost half a million with malformations and 21,000 with Down syndrome. In a multi-centric study on the causes of referral for genetic counselling the top four disorders were repeated abortions (12.4%), identifiable syndromes (12.1%), chromosomal disorders (11.3%) and mental retardation (11%). In a more recent study in a private hospital the top reasons for referral were reproductive genetics (38.9%)--comprising prenatal diagnosis, recurrent abortions, infertility and Torch infections--mental retardation +/- multiple congenital anomalies (16.1%), Down syndrome (9.1%), thalassemia/haemophilia (8.8%), and muscle dystrophy/spinal muscular atrophy (8.4%). The disorders for which prenatal has been done over an 18-month-period are given. A recent study carried out in three centers (Mumbai, Delhi and Baroda) on 94,610 newborns by using a uniform proforma showed a malformation frequency of 2.03%, the commonest malformations are neural tube defects and musculo-skeletal disorders. The frequency of Down syndrome among 94,610 births was 0.87 per 1000, or 1 per 1150. Screening of 112,269 newborns for aminoacid disorders showed four disorders to be the commonest--tyrosinemia, maple syrup urine disease and phenylketonuria. Screening of cases of mental retardation for aminoacid disorders revealed four to be the commonest--hyperglycinemia, homocystinuria, alkaptonuria, and maple syrup urine disease. Metabolic studies of cases of mental retardation in AIIMS, Delhi and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, demonstrated that common disorders were those of mucopolysaccharides, lysosomes, Wilson disease, glycogen storage disease and galactosemia. It is estimated that beta- thalassemia has a frequency at birth of 1:2700, which means that about 9,000 cases of thalassemia major are born every year. Almost 5200 infants with sickle cell disease are born every year. Disorders, which deserve to be screened in the newborn period, are hypothyroidism and G-6-PD deficiency, while screening for aminoacid and other metabolic disorders could presently be restricted to symptomatic infants.
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PMID:Burden of genetic disorders in India. 1126 88