Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

The cause of autism is unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that it involves metabolic disorders of serotonin and/or dopamine. On the other hand, there is a close relationship between hormone secretion and monoamines. The aim of this study was to analyze the secretion of GH, PRL, TSH, cortisol, LH and FSH. The subjects were 30 children with autism, 25 males and 5 females, aged from 1 10/12 to 9 10/12 years. Their IQs (DQs) ranged from 34 to 123. Pituitary hormone secretion was measured during provocation with insulin (0.1 unit/kg), TRH (10 micrograms/kg) and/or LH-RH (100 micrograms/m2) in 26 of 30 cases. Control subjects included 16 age-matched children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and 18 age-matched children with mental retardation (MR) without autistic and organic central nervous diseases. The 24-hour secretion rhythm of GH, PRL and cortisol for 14 cases with autism and of LH and FSH for 9 cases was also investigated. In insulin provocation test, the peak values of GH and delta GH (peak GH level minus baseline GH level) in ADD were significantly higher than those in MR (p less than 0.05). In TRH provocation test, the peak values of TSH and delta TSH in autism were significantly lower than those in MR. Five cases of autistic children revealed borderline responses for TSH, while the only one each of ADDs and MRs revealed borderline responses for TSH. In a study of the 24-hour hormone secretion rhythm, eleven of the 14 autistic children showed an abnormal secretion rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Neuroendocrinologic studies on autism]. 271 59

This study was designed to compare manifestations of FAS in the offspring of lower and upper middle class chronic alcoholic mothers, and to compare these offspring with those of nonalcoholic controls. There was highly significant difference in the incidence of FAS offspring between upper middle and lower class alcoholic mothers, 4.5% versus 70.9% respectively. Mean weight, length, and head circumference at birth in children of upper middle class alcoholic women was -ISD, those of lower class alcoholic women fell into -2SD. All other parameters, congenital malformation rate, failure to thrive, mental retardation were also significantly greater in children of lower class alcoholic women (p less than or equal to .01). Attention deficit disorder was found in 21% of upper middle class offspring of alcoholic women as compared to 71% in the children of the lower socioeconomic group (p less than or equal to .01).
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PMID:The influence of socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of fetal alcohol syndrome. 342 75

In this study a further analysis of the psychological profile in the prepubertal fragile (X) (fra(X] male was performed. The results of the psycho-diagnostic examination of 23 fra(X) boys were compared to a control group of 17 males of the same age with 'non-specific' mental retardation. A number of important quantitative and qualitative differences were observed between the two groups. In the preschool age group the majority of fra(X) boys was mildly mentally retarded. In the school-age group, however, most boys were moderately to severely mentally retarded. This indication of a decline in intellectual performance with age in the fra(X) syndrome was confirmed by a longitudinal individual follow-up of seven fra(X) boys in this age group. In contrast to intellectual performance, appearance of the attention deficit disorder (or hyperkinesis), with its attendent overactivity and impulsiveness, decreases with age, and is independent of the intellectual level. Autistic behaviour was more frequently observed in the youngest fra(X) males, and was more pronounced in the moderately mentally retarded. In more than 50% of the boys of preschool age the association of hyperkinesis and autistic features was found. Language and speech development in the fra(X) syndrome is both symptomatic and specific. Beside a severe, global speech retardation, there are some distinct speech characteristics in the young fra(X) males such as rapid speech rhythm, speech impulsiveness and perseverative speech.
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PMID:Fragile (X) syndrome: a study of the psychological profile in 23 prepubertal patients. 362 65

Five children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), ranging in age from 2 1/4 to 10 years, were noted to have abnormal neurological findings. These were mainly cerebellar. Others were attention deficit disorder in three, mental retardation in two, and epilepsy in one. The neuropathology seen in FAS provides a more than adequate basis for the clinical findings. Children with FAS, or a history of in utero alcohol exposure, and abnormal neurological signs, do not need investigation.
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PMID:Neurological findings in the fetal alcohol syndrome. 368 56

Serum carnosinase deficiency (McKusick 21220) is a rare condition, described in 13 cases. Ten additional individuals with serum carnosinase deficiency have been identified. All continued to excrete increased amounts of carnosine in their urine despite a meat-free diet for 3 days. Serum carnosinase activity ranged from 0-30% of normal. In four individuals a normal Km for carnosine of 0.12 mM was observed, while in five individuals an increased Km was found. Homocarnosine levels in CSF in three individuals ranged from 3.4 to 15 mM. Clinical symptoms in these individuals were as follows: attention deficit disorder: 4; non progressive developmental delay: 1; neurofibromatosis: 1; absences seizures: 1; severe, but non-progressive mental retardation, seizures and neurosensory hearing loss: 1; progressive childhood dementia; 1; clinically normal: 1. There was no correlation between severity and type of the neurological symptoms and residual serum carnosinase activity. Although a definite conclusion can only be made after a considerably higher number of individuals has been analyzed, the suspicion that serum carnosinase deficiency is unrelated to the neurological symptoms is strengthened by these observations. There may, however, be an association with a predisposition for mental deficiency.
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PMID:Serum carnosinase deficiency: a non-disabling phenotype? 409 64

The parents of 150 children and adolescents, evaluated at a university psychiatry outpatient clinic and a mental health center, were surveyed to determine the frequency of various sleep-related behaviors. This clinic sample was compared with a nonclinic sample of 309 subjects from the general population. A significantly higher incidence of restless sleep, limb movements, nightmares, night terrors, reluctance going to sleep, sleeping with others, fear of dying, fears of dark, and daytime overactivity differentiated the clinic population from the nonclinic population. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of sleep behaviors in the clinic sample due to chronic ear-nose-throat (ENT) problems, sex, or social class. However, bedwetting, sleeping with others, bedtime rituals, need for security objects, fears of the dark, and daytime overactivity were significantly more frequent in the younger age population. Nightmares and restless sleep were more likely to occur in patients having anxiety-affective disorder or conduct disorder DSM III diagnosis, as compared to clinic patients without psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with mental retardation were more likely to experience fears of the dark. A significantly greater number of patients with attention deficit disorder manifested problems with snoring, head banging, restless sleep, and nighttime awakening. There appeared to be an association between chronic ENT problems and daytime overactivity.
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PMID:Sleep behaviors and disorders in children and adolescents evaluated at psychiatric clinics. 660 35

Twenty-four infantile autistic children were compared with 12 children with other kinds of childhood psychoses, 5 children with so-called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome, 5 children with attention deficit disorder, 14 children with mental retardation, and 19 normal children with regard to chromatographic profiles of urinary products that give ultraviolet absorbency at 280 nm. Six main types of chromatographic patterns emerged. Fifty-four percent of the autistic children and 17% of the children with other psychoses showed a distinct pattern that was not seen in any other cases. Only 8% of the autistic children showed the "normal" pattern seen in 95% of the normal and 93% of the mentally retarded children without psychosis. The ultraviolet absorbency peaks of the chromatograms possibly correspond to peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes. It is argued that these products are probably at least partly of CNS origin.
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PMID:Childhood psychosis and urinary excretion of peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes. 715 98

Although developmental disabilities are among the major chronic health problems affecting children in the United States, the contribution of developmental disabilities to childhood mortality is unknown. To investigate the magnitude of this contribution, multiple cause-of-death data were examined for US children, aged 1-19 years, for 1980 and 1983-1989. The following conditions were included as developmental disabilities: autism, attention deficit disorder, learning disorders, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, blindness and deafness. Based on underlying cause only, it was found that developmental disabilities were the fifth leading cause of nontraumatic death for children between 1 and 14 years of age and the third leading cause of non-traumatic death for children between 15 and 19 years. When a multiple cause approach was used to define developmental disability-related deaths (i.e. when contributing as well as underlying cause was considered), the number of such deaths nearly doubled. On the basis of both underlying- and multiple-cause analyses, cerebral palsy was the developmental disability most frequently cited as a cause of death. Mental retardation ranked second according to the multiple-cause approach but only fourth according to the underlying-cause approach. The least frequent causes of death (autism, attention deficit disorder, learning disorders, blindness, and deafness) were the ones most likely to be coded as contributing rather than underlying causes. Developmental disability-related mortality rates were highest among children aged 1-4 and 15-19 years, highest among blacks and lowest among racial groups other than blacks and whites, and higher among males than females. Although results of multiple-cause-of-death analyses more accurately reflect the proportion of deaths related to developmental disabilities, even this approach may underestimate the degree to which mortality is associated with a developmental disability.
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PMID:Contribution of developmental disabilities to childhood mortality in the United States: a multiple-cause-of-death analysis. 753 59

Gualtieri and Hicks (1985) proposed that male vulnerability for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) was partially due to intrauterine immune attack of the fetus. One group of mothers with heightened immunoreactivity might be women with immune disorder. This was tested within an epidemiological sample of 17,283 mother/child pairs. Maternal immune disorders considered were ulcerative colitis or asthma. NDs in the child included: cerebral palsy, mental retardation, seizures, articulation disorder, reading, or arithmetic disability, verbal or performance aptitude deficits, and attention deficit disorder. Unlike prior studies, we controlled for demographic perinatal variables that might confound interpretation of the data. Results indicated that immune dysfunction in the mother, be it autoimmune (ulcerative colitis) or defensive (asthma) was not associated with an increased incidence of any NDs in the offspring, but mothers with ulcerative colitis did have a disproportionate number of offspring who were non-right handed. Few variables discriminated between the children of ulcerative colitis mothers who became right handed when compared to those who did not. We suggest that a) only certain maternal autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (but not ulcerative colitis or asthma) elevate the risk of intrauterine immune attack and b) the elevated rate of non-right handed offspring among ulcerative colitis mothers was not an instance of immune attack but instead represents some kind of genetic association.
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PMID:A test of the immunoreactive theory for the origin of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring of women with immune disorder. 753 15


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