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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The results of the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in 90 mentally retarded patients in various forms and degrees of retardation are presented. General and clinical condition of 62 patients was very bad prior to the onset of antituberculotic therapy and most of them were immobile due to the mental retardation and dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis. In 30 patients advanced form of tuberculosis, in 54 patients mild form and in 6 patients a minimal degree of tuberculosis were found. In hospitalized patients all clinical forms of pulmonary tuberculosis were found. The therapy started with triplicate antituberculotic therapy and the patients were also administered other drugs due to their mental retardation. During the first two months of antituberculotic therapy a high mortality rate was registered (27 or 30%) especially in younger patients. The reason for such high rate cannot be attributed only to pulmonary tuberculosis but also to the primary disease as was the main reason of patients' hospitalization at the institute for mentally retarded persons. Many complications in antituberculotic use could not be registered since many of the basic data could not be obtained from mentally retarded subjects. The complete recovery or improvement of pulmonary tuberculosis was achieved in 63 patients.
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PMID:[Personal experience in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in mentally retarded persons]. 210 57

Questionnaires were sent to the tuberculosis control officers in 50 states to determine the current use of general hospitals and sanatoriums for patients with tuberculosis. Replies were received from 46 states; 4 states supplied information by telephone. Fifteen states reported using both general hospitals and specialized hospitals for treatment of tuberculosis in 1980. The most common reason for the continued use of a state-operated facility for patients with tuberculosis was the lack of funds to pay for care in general hospitals. Average length of stay in general hospitals was 21 days or less; in specialized facilities, it was 60 to 90 days. The specialized hospitals usually combined care for patients with mental illness, mental retardation, other chest or chronic diseases, and tuberculosis. With one exception, there were no plans to close any of the remaining specialized facilities. No significant problems with respect to care of patients with known tuberculosis in general hospitals were documented.
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PMID:Current status of general hospital use for patients with tuberculosis in the United States: eight-year update. 710 53

Historical discussions of the euthanasia or "lethal chamber" option in relation to people with mental retardation were presented. Positions were classified into those (a) dismissing the option, (b) presenting ambivalent views, and (c) showing outright support. Tredgold's forthright views in support of euthanasia for "idiots" and "imbeciles" were highlighted. Eugenic beliefs in the primacy of heredity over environment in determining mortality and the positive role of natural selection in race betterment were presented. I proposed that these beliefs were used to condone, if not encourage, the poor conditions characteristic of large, segregated institutions during the early decades of this century and their high rates of mortality from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. The conclusion was drawn that euthanasia may thus have been implemented, albeit unofficially, in at least some institutions.
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PMID:The "lethal chamber": further evidence for the euthanasia option. 841 24

We performed a retrospective analysis of 394 patients who were treated for active tuberculosis (TB) at our hospital from 1976 to 1997. The diagnosis criteria for establishing TB were history of direct contact with TB patients, tuberculin skin test reactivity, positive bacteriology and radiographic findings compatible with TB. There were 192 males and 202 females (age range 1 month to 18 years of age, mean 6.3 years of age). Fifty-four percent of the cases were under 5 years of age. Primary pulmonary TB was presented in 200, post primary pulmonary TB in 97, pleural effusion in 53, endbronchial TB in 4, TB meningitis (TBM) in 28, miliary TB in 28 and other extra-pulmonary TB in 31. A history of contact with the patients was obtained in 72.8% of cases. Two hundred and thirty (58.4%) had received BCG, 134 (34%) no BCG, 30 (7.6%) were unclear. Especially, under 5 years of age, only 29 (13.6%) had received BCG. TBM is not disappeared in Japan and there were 28 cases with TBM. Fifteen patients out of them recovered completely, 8 patients recovered with severe neurological sequelae which included mental retardation, motor weakness, seizures and hydrocephalus and 5 patients died. Twenty-six had no BCG. Particularly in 1990s, we had experienced 4 dead TBM cases, 1 multi-drug resistant (MDR) TBM case and 1 TBM case due to nosocomial infection. Children with TBM should received 12-month regimen using initial daily treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and streptmycin, followed by isoniazid and rifampin administered daily. Pulmonary TB in children is successfully treated with 6-month standard chemotherapy using isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin daily for 4 months. In order to promote TB control and eliminate childhood TB, especially in infants, the following is necessary; 1) early detection and treatment of adult TB patients, source of infection, 2) prompt and appropriate contact examination and chemoprophylaxis, 3) BCG vaccination during early infancy, 4) protection from MDR TB are most important in Japan.
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PMID:[The current situation and treatment of childhood tuberculosis]. 1035 23

This comprehensive review includes results of studies on the relationships maternal and child health and fertility and hypotheses on their interactions from a programmatic viewpoint. Child mortality is high for 1st born, low for the 2nd and 3rd child, and increases with parity after the 4th. Infant survival is lowest when the birth interval is 1 year or less. The frequency of low intelligence, mental retardation, malnutrition, and infections increase with family size. Maternal mortality and morbidity increase with parity. Rapid population growth and density is correlated with infections, such as tuberculosis and social pathology, such as schizophrenia. The relationship between health and fertility is complex, since in the absence of family planning, improved health decreases mortality and morbidity, and increase fertile life span. Amenorrhea in general and during lactation lasts longer during malnutrition, but lactation is likely to be more successful in healthy women. It is probably more efficient in personnel, facilities and transportation to combine maternal and child health and family planning services. The work would be more stimulating, and the clients more likely to trust a familiar person. In the prenatal, postpartum, and postabortion periods women are motivated to accept both services. It is said that education and services in infant health will convince people to start planning their families: a few epidemiologic and longitudinal studies support this hypothesis. Probably incentive programs are less cost-effective than combining family health and planning services.
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PMID:[Interactions between health and population]. 1233 84

Among the human diseases that result from chromosomal aberrations, a de novo deletion in chromosome 11p13 is clinically associated with a syndrome characterized by Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (WAGR). Not all genes in the deleted region have been characterized biochemically or functionally. We have recently identified the first Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, Rv0805, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which biochemically and structurally belongs to the superfamily of metallophosphoesterases. We performed a large scale bioinformatic analysis to identify orthologs of the Rv0805 protein and identified many eukaryotic genes that included the human 239FB gene present in the region deleted in the WAGR syndrome. We report here the first detailed biochemical characterization of the rat 239FB protein and show that it possesses metallophosphodiesterase activity. Extensive mutational analysis identified residues that are involved in metal interaction at the binuclear metal center. Generation of a rat 239FB protein with a mutation corresponding to a single nucleotide polymorphism seen in human 239FB led to complete inactivation of the protein. A close ortholog of 239FB is found in adult tissues, and biochemical characterization of the 239AB protein demonstrated significant hydrolytic activity against 2',3'-cAMP, thus representing the first evidence for a Class III cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in mammals. Highly conserved orthologs of the 239FB protein are found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila and, coupled with available evidence suggesting that 239FB is a tumor suppressor, indicate the important role this protein must play in diverse cellular events.
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PMID:Characterization of an evolutionarily conserved metallophosphoesterase that is expressed in the fetal brain and associated with the WAGR syndrome. 1900 15

Rarely in the history of medicine has an X-linked mental retardation syndrome so thoroughly entered every branch of medicine, at least of pediatrics, but also of internal medicine, on account of its protean manifestations. In such countries as Zambia, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and other infections diseases, and many environmental and nutritional disorders still top the list of childhood morbidity and mortality. However, in the more developed nations of the Old and New Worlds, prematurity, birth defects, and genetic conditions constitute the major burden of infant mortality adn chronic childhood handicaps. One of the most pervasive of these is the group of FG syndromes seen in every pediatric clinic and mental health service. Thus, in our experience FGS emerges as the most common yet the least known developmental disabilities condition in our society. FGS imposes a tremendous burden of morbidity, and to some extent also of mortality, on society and families. After successful neonatal adaptation, such recurring problems as otitis, reactive airway disease, and constipation can be routinely treated symptomatically. However, the neurodevelopmental burden represents the greatest challenge that FGS presents for families and to society. Under the best of circumstances, motor and speech development catch up. However, virtually all FGS children, boys and girls, have difficulties in psychologic development, school performance, and ultimate emotional adaptation to adult life and social integration. The many such cases added to those with outright psychiatric disturbances are overwhelming social, psychologic, and psychiatric services and, above all, public and private school systems, which are understaffed, under-funded, beyond formulating individual educational plans, and helpless to deal with the enormous burden of special service needs of these children. It's time that handicapped children receive care according to needs and not according to diagnosis. However, the near absence of information on FGS available to these professionals is a handicap in arriving at a specific diagnosis (allowing state and federal support for special services) and in understanding the prognosis, natural history, and such complications as "autism," seizures, and tethered cord that affect the child's success at home, in school, and out in society. The FGS parent support group has been of enormous help in informing families about all of these "issues," and to this day remains the greatest repository of knowledge on FGS. As they say in baseball, it is time at long last for the professionals "to step up to the plate."
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PMID:The FG syndromes (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 305450): perspective in 2008. 1904 30