Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over 10 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) occur annually, 86 percent of them in 15- to 29-year-olds. The most common STDs are trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, non-gonococcal urethritis, genital herpes, and syphilis. In 1950 the reported syphilis rate was 146 per 100,000. The rate decreased to 30 per 100,000 by 1978, resulting in approximately 80,000 new cases of syphilis a year. During the same time span the gonorrhea rate increased from 192 cases per 100,000 to 468 cases per 100,000. In each year between 1967 and 1976, reported cases of gonorrhea increased between 10 and 15 percent. Between 1976 and 1978 the annual increase was less than 1 percent, but the total number of case of gonorrhea still exceeded 2.5 million. In addition to the large number of syphilis and gonorrhea cases, 3 million cases of trichomoniasis, 2.5 million cases of non-gonococcal urethritis, and 500,000 cases of genital herpes occur annually. The most serious complications caused by sexually transmitted agents are pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility, infant pneumonia, infant death, birth defects, and mental retardation. There is clear evidence that both the quality of the services and the attitudes with which they are delivered are important in attracting those who need STD services. While existing programs are interrupting the transmission of syphilis and gonorrhea, many vulnerable groups are not yet being served. To approach them effectively will require not only the efforts of STD clinics and investigators but also those of family planning clinics, private physicians, diagnostic and public health laboratories, and schools and other educational institutions.
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PMID:Preventive health services: Sexually transmitted disease control. 641 19

Early identification and prevention of mental retardation helps in terms of treatment for some conditions, better planning and management of cases, and counseling. Diagnostic procedures are available during pregnancy for early detection: blood tests, amniocentesis, ultrasound, fetoscopy, and urine tests; tests available for the newborn are blood tests for hypothyroidism, PKU; urine tests for metabolic disorders; apgar scores for screening of neurological deficits; neurobehavioral assessments, developmental schedules; neurodevelopmental screening; sensory examination; speech and language assessments; EEG; and imaging techniques. Early identification of mental retardation is beneficial in aiding the child's development and personality and in helping parents adjust mentally and learning to cope with caring for the child. Sometimes, it can help to limit the number and extent of the handicap. Prevention can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. The emphasis is on planned pregnancies, regular prenatal care, regular health checkups for mother and child, immunization, nutrition, prevention of environmental hazards and accidents, early identification and screening, genetic studies and counseling, family planning, and creation of awareness among the general population. Inadequate prenatal care is associated with prematurity and low birth weight, which are linked to mental retardation. Prenatal care for the pregnant woman involves participating in regular prenatal checkups, maintaining good nutrition, having preliminary screening, attending promptly to illnesses and infections, and getting immunized at the appropriate time. Avoidance of the following is recommended: unnecessary and nonprescribed drugs, physical accidents, exposure to radiation and teratogens, alcohol and tobacco consumption, exposure to infections such as measles, rubella, or syphilis, toxins and poisons such as lead, and attempts at abortion. Genetic counseling can provide information on the disorders, the mode of inheritance, risks of recurrence, and options available as alternatives. Complicated pregnancies and labors require hospital delivery. Trained personnel at home or at a health center is appropriate for normal deliveries. High-risk infants need intensive care. The best age for mothers to bear children is between 20 and 30 years. The community can disseminate information as a prevention effort.
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PMID:Early identification and prevention of mental retardation. 1234 90

Although often difficult to diagnose, the use of psychoactive drugs during pregnancy has become a commonly encountered occurrence. The present article aims to clarify the effects of alcohol, tobacco, narcotics, antidepressants, stimulants, halucinogenes and canabioids consumption on pregnancy and the newborn. There are differences within the types of drugs consumption: use/abuse/addiction of psychoactive medication during pregnancy. The fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in case of alcohol exposure during pregnancy. It is characterized by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, lower neurobehavioral scores, mental retardation, heart defects and special facial features. Heroin consumption can lead to prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth or to hemorrhage in the third trimester of pregnancy; it can be associated with malnutrition, venereal diseases, hepatitis, pulmonary complications or preeclampsia. During pregnancy, the effects of cocaine use include cardiovascular complications, neurological complications, infections (sexually transmitted diseases - gonorrhea, Chlamydia infections, syphilis, HPV), obstetric complications (premature birth, fetal death, abruptio placentae). In the fetus, the consequences of cocaine consumption can trigger limb defects, urinary tract malformations, fetal microcephaly, perinatal cerebral infarctions. In conclusion, identifying the profile of pregnant drug users can trigger better care both for the mother, and for the fetus; information and prevention campaigns should provide data on their adverse effects on pregnancy.
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PMID:Alcohol and Psychoactive Drugs in Pregnancy. 3215 72