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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper presents a summary and critical review of the DSM-III diagnostic system for childhood psychiatric disorders with particular reference to developmental disorders. The rational for a multiaxial system, explicit diagnostic criteria, and a phenomenological approach are outlined. Criteria for mental retardation, infantile autism, and specific developmental disorders are reviewed. While this system is an advance over previous schemes many problems are also evident. These include a lack of specificity of the criteria, inconsistencies in criteria, and placement on the axes of mental disorders.
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PMID:A critical review of DSM-III in the developmental disorder of childhood. 243 Jan 29

The authors evaluated the presence of assaultive behavior in 103 children, aged 6-12 years, seen in the psychiatric inpatient and outpatient services of a municipal hospital. No racial or ethnic differences were found. Boys were significantly more assaultive than girls and used fire setting and hitting with objects more often. Inpatients were significantly more assaultive than outpatients. Children with conduct disorders, specific developmental disorders, and mental retardation were more assaultive than those with neurotic disorders. Multiple regression analysis showed that the child's past aggressive behavior, absence of anxiety and depression, and parental assaultive behavior were the best predictors of assaultive behavior.
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PMID:Predictors of assaultiveness in latency age children. 618 81

The prevalence of developmental disabilities in early childhood is not well documented. An established birth defects registry extended surveillance to identify cases of developmental disorders in early childhood by adding all known sources of diagnosis and service to case-finding methods. Residents of a northwest Arkansas region born during 1985 to 1987 and diagnosed with either a birth defect or a developmental disorder by the 4th birthday comprised the studied cohort. Case records were linked with death certificates to examine the influence of mortality on prevalence ratios. Prevalence ratios estimated were 64.5/1000 resident live births (60.9/1000 among survivors to age 4 years) for either birth defect or developmental disorder, 33.4/1000 for developmental disorder, 37.0/1000 for birth defect, and 9.5/1000 for both developmental disorder and birth defect. Prevalence ratios of specific developmental disorders and the role of mortality in decreasing population prevalence are reported. The most common diagnostic categories in this age group were developmental delay, seizures, and failure to thrive. Overlap of birth defect categories with a diagnosed developmental disability was examined; 68.8% of children diagnosed with neural tube defects and 45.5% of those with chromosomal abnormalities who survived to age 4 years had clinically diagnosed developmental disorders. An anticipated high degree of overlap (77%) for other central nervous system defects was found. For other birth defect categories, developmental disorder diagnosis was present in 20 to 30% of the study group. Death before age 4 years occurred most often when the diagnosis was newborn seizures (17.1%) or "conditions of the brain" (13.6%); the mortality rate was 6 to 8% for epilepsy or seizure disorders, mental retardation, and vision loss. The large number of developmental diagnoses among this cohort indicates that surveillance of these disorders in early childhood, even with tentative diagnoses, is feasible. Data obtained indicate that many birth defects are associated with developmental disorders; potentially, this association can contribute to earlier identification of developmental disorders in childhood.
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PMID:Early childhood surveillance of developmental disorders by a birth defects surveillance system: methods, prevalence comparisons, and mortality patterns. 855 31

Elective mutism (EM) is not regarded as a separate diagnostic category in the ICD-9, but is included under the heading "313: Disturbance of emotions specific to childhood and adolescence." In the ICD-10 EM is acknowledged as a separate diagnosis defined as "a marked, emotionally determined lack of speech in certain situations in a child with a normal or near normal speech/language ability." The diagnosis excludes pervasive developmental disorder and specific developmental disorders of speech and language. Two patients referred for EM to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic, showed specific developmental delays and assessment indicated slight mental retardation in one of them. The question arose regarding how extensively EM is reported in the literature as associated with developmental disorder/delay. A search was carried out in four data-bases where most references were listed under the keyword "mutism". This paper presents the two case studies, and the results of the literature inventory. It concludes that EM may be associated with developmental disorder/delay and suggests that this could be a predisposing factor for an emotionally determined lack of speech in certain situations.
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PMID:Elective mutism--associated with developmental disorder/delay. Two case studies. 944 3

Based on the efforts by the legislator to standardize the law for disabled persons and to simplify the accesses to appropriate assistance, procedures of expert reports are exemplarily presented from the aspect of child and adolescent psychiatry. Obliged to the principle of the two aspects for constituting a claim (which is first to set up a diagnosis and then to evaluate the existent or imminent handicap, both serving as the basis for the claim), etiological models, diagnostic - including developmental psychological - and therapeutic approaches in underlying psychiatric disorders of learning difficulties such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, specific developmental disorders in learning abilities, and mental retardation are described as the participation in social life is either at risk or already affected. With regard these descriptions it is readily recognizable that child and adolescent neuropsychiatry has not only to provide professional competence in cases of appraisal question formulations concerning special assistance in early childhood, determination of special educational needs, and creation of plans for auxilliary interventions, but should also be employed regularly.
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PMID:[Child and adolescent psychiatric aspects of expertising on children suffering from impediments in learning or mental perceptien]. 1171 98

To examine clinical and demographic factors associated with continuity of care from child-adolescent (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS), we undertook a record-linkage study to the Adult Mental Health Information System including all those 16 years old and over who were listed between 2010 and 2013 in the Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Information System in Emilia-Romagna, an Italian region of nearly 4.5 million residents. From a cohort of 8239 adolescents attending CAMHS (population at risk about 144,000), 821 (19.4 %) moved to AMHS, excluding cases with specific developmental disorders, whose conditions were not managed by adult psychiatrists, and those with mental retardation who attended usually social services. Young people referred for treatment to AMHS were more likely to receive a discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.92; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.17-7.08), personality disorders (OR 2.69; 95 % CI 1.89-3.83), and pervasive developmental disorders (OR 2.13; 95 % CI 1.51-2.99). Further factors predicting transfer to AMHS were not living with parents, inpatient psychiatric admission, and being on medication in the previous 24 months. These findings suggest that a relatively small number of adolescents moved to AMHS and are likely to reflect the configuration of local mental health services and alternative care available, mainly for those with less-severe mental disorders.
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PMID:Continuity of care from child and adolescent to adult mental health services: evidence from a regional survey in Northern Italy. 2614 38