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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is increasing recognition that autism is a syndrome, not a disease entity. But it is not yet clear why some children develop autistic behavior more easily than others. It has been noted that autistic symptoms occur more frequently in children with mental retardation, blindness, congenital rubella, phenylketonuria, etc., and that there are very few cases of classical infantile autism in the general population. Very rarely has autism been associated with Down's syndrome. This is a report of a case of Down's syndrome and infantile autism.
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PMID:A case of infantile autism associated with Down's syndrome. 15 85

A longitudinal study was conducted of 243 children with congenital rubella. In this sample a high rate of autism and a high rate of recovery were observed. Examination of the data suggested that the rubella virus was the primary etiologic agent. It is hypothesized that the course of autism was that of a chronic infection in which recovery, chronicity, improvement, worsening, and delayed appearance of the autistic syndrome all were found. Other rubella consequences such as blindness, deafness, and cardiac and neuromuscular defects remained present except as modified by operations and prostheses. Degree of mental retardation initially was related to the outcome of autism but shifts in mental retardation over time did not correlate significantly for the group with shift in the autistic symptoms.
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PMID:Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. 57 6

The assumption that congenital rubella is commonly associated with microcephaly and mental retardation was examined. Among a rubella clinic population of 111 children, 92 children had vision sufficient to allow testing by the Leiter International Scale. The mean IQ for this group was 99.46 (SD, 19.5). Head circumference in this group correlated well with stature but poorly with intellect. The authors conclude that children with intrauterine rubella should be viewed as small children rather than children with small heads and that such children are poorly served if mental subnormality is assumed without careful study.
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PMID:Intrauterine rubella, head size, and intellect. 113 80

Identification and measurement of rubella antibody of 19 S (IgM) and 7 S (IgG) immunoglobulins by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a modified hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI)-test is described. Human group 0 of red blood cells were employed after trypsination. The method proved to be highly reliable and sensitive for the rapid detection of rubella IgM antibody in routine research to make an accurate diagnosis of recent rubella infection. Sera from 185 pregnant women, 200 children suspect of congenital infection, 15 mothers of intrauterin infected children, and 32 cases of rubella vaccine-induced immunity control were studied. In postnatal rubella infections, specific IgM-antibody could be detected in all sera after the onset of the rash up to eight or ten weeks after infection. From March 1973 until September 1974 laboratory diagnosis confirmed 30 of 185 pregnant women to have been recently infected with rubella. In less than 3% (4 cases) the results could not confirm or exclude a recent history of rubella. Among 200 children with congenital defects or some irregular development, specific IgM antibody was detected in 36 cases. The diagnosis of congenital rubella was confirmed or detected in the first months of life. One of the infected children was well at birth but later developed mental retardation and hearing loss, and some others showed only minor defects. In some children rubell IgM antibody persisted 5-14 months. IgM rubella antibody was not found in the sera of 15 mothers from children with intrauterine infection confirmed by IgM antibody demonstration. Post-vaccination-tests showed serum IgM and IgG immunoglobulin-responses to be similar to the natural rubella-virus-infection. Maximal titers of both immunoglobulin-fractions were but four-fold lower after vaccination (28 of 32 tested cases). The described method is able to verify the time of infection by testing a single serum. The HAI-test of the 12 fractions collected from each serum after density-gradient centrifugation shows a typical titer-profil for every time of immunization status: beginning with traces of IgM-antibody - when the HAI-test of the uncentrifugated serum may be less than 1:10 - until 10 weeks after infection when only IgG-antibody will be detectable. The greatest amount of IgM-antibody is found in the 2. to 4. week after the rash.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of rubella by demonstrating rubella-specific 19 S and 7 S antibodies (author's transl)]. 127 96

The major goal of rubella immunization is the prevention of the congenital rubella syndrome. As many as 20 per cent of women in the reproductive age group in the United States continue to be susceptible to rubella despite the immunization programs currently in place. Intensified efforts are therefore needed to identify persons at risk for infection and to vaccinate them. Women who develop a rubella-like illness during pregnancy should have the diagnosis confirmed serologically because a diagnosis based on clinical criteria alone is unreliable and because of the serious implications of gestational rubella infection. The rubella virus can infect the fetus at any stage of pregnancy, but defects are rarely noted when this occurs after the 16th week of gestation. The most common abnormalities in the congenital rubella syndrome are hearing loss, mental retardation, cardiac malformations, and eye defects. Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, glaucoma, and other delayed manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome are common, thereby necessitating long-term followup of these patients. The detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies in fetal blood is helpful in establishing the diagnosis prenatally and can aid in the management of pregnancies complicated by this infection. Susceptible women identified through screening during pregnancy should be immunized in the immediate postpartum or postabortion period. Although the live, attenuated rubella vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy, pregnant women who are inadvertently immunized are not candidates for pregnancy termination because no defects consistent with congenital rubella have been reported to date in the offspring of other similarly vaccinated women.
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PMID:Maternal rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome. 328 22

A female infant with proven congenital rubella infection was referred for cranial ultrasound examination. Intraventricular strands and debris with periventricular echogenic foci were demonstrated. These findings, typical of ventriculitis, have not previously been reported in congenital rubella. Mental retardation is the rule in symptomatic cases and therefore early recognition of central nervous system involvement is of benefit in assessing the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome.
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PMID:Ventriculitis in congenital rubella: ultrasound demonstration. 330 92

In 1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by rash, adenopathy, and little or no fever was a discrete entity. Henry Veale, in 1866, named the disease rubella. The illness attracted little attention until 1942, when Norman Gregg noticed that first-trimester maternal rubella caused serious birth defects. The full spectrum and impact of rubella embryopathy remained unclarified until rubella virus was isolated in tissue culture in 1962 by two independent groups: Parkman, Buescher, and Artenstein; and Neva and Weller. Using the new tools of the virus laboratory, many investigators concentrated on the consequences of a severe rubella epidemic in 1964, which affected approximately 1% of pregnancies. Newly recognized transient manifestations of congenital rubella infection (CRI) include neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatitis, bone lesions, and meningoencephalitis and late-emerging sequelae such as diabetes mellitus and progressive rubella panencephalitis added to the cataract, heart disease, mental retardation, and deafness previously defined as due to CRI. Sharp contrasts were documented between the patterns of virus excretion and immune response of postnatal vs. congenital rubella. Licensure and widespread distribution of attenuated rubella virus vaccines in 1969 have prevented epidemic rubella. Pockets of illness remain, even in the United States. Continued effort will be required to eliminate the rubella problem.
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PMID:The history and medical consequences of rubella. 389 Jan 5

A male patient born to a mother who developed rubella during the tenth week of gestation presented a typical congenital rubella syndrome with mental retardation, neuro-sensory deafness, hypoplasia of the dental enamel and chorioretinitis. Hyperthyroidism occurred at the age of 3 10/12 years and was treated successfully with propylthiouracil for 4 years. The course was complicated by premature craniosynostosis and a craniectomy was performed at the age of 7 years. Overt diabetes mellitus developed at 17 years and was well controlled by insulin therapy. Histocompatilibity (HLA) antigens were A2, B8, B40. Diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders have previously been reported after congenital rubella, and recently after congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Our patient had both endocrinopaties. It is possible that HLA B8 antigens might be responsible for increased susceptibility to rubella infection.
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PMID:Hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus and the congenital rubella syndrome. 736 31

Four patients with the congenital rubella syndrome had keratoconus and evidence of acute or previous corneal hydrops. All four of the patients vigorously rubbed and poked their eyes. The keratoconus and acute corneal hydrops in these patients probably resulted from chronic traumatizing mannerisms common in other patients with mental retardation and are not specific for the congenital rubella syndrome.
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PMID:Keratoconus and acute hydrops in mentally retarded patients with congenital rubella syndrome. 746 39

Infections were considered to be etiological factors in 29 patients (10%) with infantile spasms; congenital CMV (n = 5), congenital or acquired CMV (n = 1), acquired CMV (n = 5), congenital rubella (n = 2), herpes simplex virus (n = 5), enterovirus (n = 1), adenovirus (n = 1), viral encephalitis of unknown agent (n = 3), meningococcus (n = 4), pneumococcus (n = 1) and pertussis (n = 1). The children with congenital infections had long-lasting tremor and convulsions from birth. Early EEG pattern was characteristic for children with herpes encephalitis but not for other patients. Infantile spasms appeared only some weeks after viral encephalitis. One patient with enterovirus and another with probable adenovirus infection had necrotic changes in their brain CT resembling those of herpes encephalitis. The response to ACTH was poor (38%) compared to the whole series (60%). The long-term outcome was also poor compared to the whole series; mental retardation in 90%, convulsions in 62%, abnormal EEG in 89%. Four children died during the follow-up of 7 years. Autopsy showed disseminated CMV infection in one patient and chronic CMV infection in another. The outcome of children with infectious etiology appears to be particularly poor. Thus, the prevention and specific diagnosis and treatment are important. Steroid therapy should be avoided in children with a history of herpes virus encephalitis (CMV, herpes simplex) in the past.
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PMID:Infantile spasms: infectious disorders. 830 17


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