Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychotropic drug use was investigated using a sample of 209 psychiatric in-patients at Harare Central Hospital, (92 patients) and Parirenyatwa Central Hospital, (117 patients). The patients' ages ranged from 10-80 years, 67pc of whom were males. Psychiatric diagnosis interacted in its effect with the number of psychotropic drugs. Schizophrenia or effective disorders were prescribed the most drugs per patient, i.e. 2.6 drugs. Antipsychotics were the most commonly used psychotropic drugs, accounting for 59.3pc of the total (51.4pc being schizophrenics), followed by antiparkinson drugs, (23.8pc), tricyclic antidepressants, (8.6pc), lithium, (4.9pc), benzodiazepines, (0.6pc) and anticonvulsants (0.7pc). The prevalence of psychotic illness was 69.3pc; affective disorders, 21.2pc; behavioural disorders, 4.2pc; alcohol and related disorders (confusion and cirrhosis), 3.3pc and mental retardation. Traditional medicine was often sort before any other or after other therapies had failed or to complement orthodox medication.
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PMID:Drug utilisation in psychiatric units at Parirenyatwa and Harare Central Hospitals (Zimbabwe). 802 75

Chromosomal abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder may help in the localisation of susceptibility genes for bipolar illness by pinpointing 'candidate' regions of the genome for further study using molecular genetic methods. We review descriptions of chromosomal abnormalities in association with bipolar and related affective disorders and evaluate their relevance for localising susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder, using standardised criteria. We found 28 reports. We identified four genomic regions of potential interest: 11q21-25; 15q11-13; chromosome 21;Xq28. It is important that clinicians are able to recognise patients who may have chromosome abnormalities which could help in the localisation of susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders. We suggest referral for specialist investigation and karyotyping, to a psychiatric genetics research group, of any patient with functional psychosis and one or more of the following: (a) a strong family history of functional psychosis; (b) mental retardation; (c) another disease known to be caused by a single gene; or (d) congenital abnormalities.
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PMID:Chromosomal aberrations and bipolar affective disorder. 786 91

Although antipsychotic medications have been successfully decreased or eliminated for many individuals with mental retardation, a minority suffer significant deterioration when dosages are decreased. Records of individuals residing on a 75-bed unit over a 5-year period were reviewed to determine differences in antipsychotic dosages over time. Presence of a psychotic diagnosis was a significant variable in increased antipsychotic dosage. Use of alternative medication (carbamazepine, buspirone, lithium, and propranolol) was related to decreased antipsychotic dosage. Findings suggest that individuals with mental retardation who do not have psychoses are a suitable group for reduction and that use of alternative medications facilitate this process for individuals with or without psychoses.
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PMID:Factors associated with reduction in antipsychotic medication dosage in adults with mental retardation. 810 98

The fragile X syndrome is one of the main etiologies of mental retardation in human beings. Some of its specific cognitive and language disturbances are nowadays well known. Disturbances of behavior are frequent. They are akin to psychotic manifestations and are mainly described in terms of autistic syndromes. The question of the possible links between autism and the fragile X syndrome is being discussed since 1980. The authors give a synthetic and critic overview of the studies reporting on the frequency of co-occurrence of these syndromes and offer some reflexion on the true questions at stakes in the debate. They emphasize the determining role of future clinical research in autism in order to objectively contribute to the progression of knowledge in this field.
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PMID:[Cognitive disorders and psychiatric manifestations in the fragile X syndrome. Autism and fragile X]. 836 20

The demographic and diagnostic characteristics of inmates in State adult correctional facilities who received 24-hour hospital mental health care, residential treatment care, and counseling/therapy in 1988 are reported by State and by type of administrative auspices under which the services are provided. Rates under treatment for 24-hour hospital mental health care were highest for the youngest (under 18) and oldest (65 and over) age groups, for females, and for whites. For counseling/therapy, rates were also highest for the youngest, for females, and for whites, but they declined with age. Rates in residential treatment were highest for the young and old and for whites, but about equal for males and females. Primary diagnoses of major psychoses predominated in 24-hour hospital mental health care. In residential treatment, a comparatively small proportion of the caseload had major psychotic disorders and a comparatively large proportion had substance abuse and mental retardation diagnoses. In counseling/therapy, personality disorders predominated. Individual State figures vary widely on these characteristics, both within and between service auspice types.
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PMID:Demographic and diagnostic characteristics of inmates receiving mental health services in state adult correctional facilities: United States, 1988. 841 23

Many individuals with mental retardation and mental illness who are on neuroleptics can have the dose reduced or discontinued. A recent study, however, suggests that individuals with psychosis not only may be difficult to discontinue from neuroleptics but also may require an increased neuroleptic dose. The current study is a retrospective chart review. Individuals were followed for 12 months postneuroleptic discontinuation. Individuals with a "psychotic" disorder were significantly more likely to be restarted on neuroleptics at 3 months and 12 months. A logistic regression failed to reveal any psychotic symptoms that predicted resumption on neuroleptics. An absent history of delusions, however, was significantly associated with remaining neuroleptic-free at 3 months.
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PMID:Discontinuation of neuroleptics in community-dwelling individuals with mental retardation and mental illness. 852 16

The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis has a direct effect on the validity of post-mortem analyses of neuropathological data, yet little is known about the reliability of retrospective diagnostic procedures which rely on review of medical records. In this paper, we report on the reliability of DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnoses assigned by a pool of 8 raters to a set of 106 state hospital charts of elderly, chronic patients who had died while institutionalized and were autopsied. Diagnoses were grouped by general diagnostic class, and Kappa coefficients computed for agreement among raters, as well as for agreement between ultimate consensus diagnoses and those made while subjects were living. Interrater agreement for those diagnoses that occurred most frequently in this sample (e.g. Schizophrenia and Dementia) was excellent, and comparable to the the agreement observed for ratings of live patients. Interrater agreement for less frequently occurring diagnoses (e.g. Mental Retardation, Mood Disorders, other non-Schizophrenic Psychoses) ranged from excellent to poor. We found high agreement between our rates diagnoses and those assigned by state hospital personnel while patients were living, although post-mortem review produced lower rates of diagnosis of both schizophrenia and Alzheimer-type dementias. Overall, results suggest that the reliability of chart review diagnosis is comparable to that obtained from interviews of live patients when experienced raters are used and diagnostic base rates are high enough to produce stable estimates of reliability.
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PMID:Reliability of post-mortem chart diagnoses of schizophrenia and dementia. 856 97

Schizophrenia is considered to be a heterogenous disorder. Different etiopathological mechanism can be attributed to a similar clinical picture as described in DSM-III-R criteria. We present a case of a young man diagnosed on different occasions as schizophrenic with mild mental retardation. Clinical examination revealed signs and symptoms most compatible with the diagnosis of Lujan-Fryns syndrome, an X-linked mental retardation syndrome with marfanoid features, frequently associated with psychotic or other psychiatric symptoms. In all patients with symptoms of schizophrenia and mental retardation Lujan-Fryns syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Lujan-Fryns syndrome in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia. 872 50

The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior was factor analyzed in two institutional samples and one community sample of persons with mental retardation. In Sample I a general factor was found. In Samples 2 and 3 a three-factor structure was found. These three factors were named Intra-personal Maladaptive Behavior, Psychotic Behavior, and Extra-personal Maladaptive Behavior. None of the factor solutions bore any close resemblance to a factor structure implied by the seven scales on the Reiss Screen. The implications for the future development of assessments of dual diagnosis are discussed.
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PMID:The factor structure of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviors in institutional and community populations. 882 38

In the course of recruiting families with 2 schizophrenic siblings for genome screening and linkage studies, a family was found with mental retardation, schizophrenia, and/or other related psychotic illnesses in individuals who also had an unbalanced or balanced translocation between chromosomes 21-18 [t(18;21)(p11.1;p11.1)]. The pericentric region of chromosome 18 has already been noted as a possible location of a gene for bipolar psychosis. The family described here provides further evidence that this region should be examined for a candidate psychosis gene.
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PMID:Chromosome 18 translocation (18;21) (p11.1;p11.1) associated with psychosis in one family. 895 Apr 15


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