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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1988--1989 an organizational experiment was carried out in Moscow, Leningrad, in the Latvian SSR, the Altai territory and in the Ivanovo region. Apart from the conventional follow-up of patients with mental diseases, the counselling form of the follow-up was established in the experimental territories. In accordance with this new principle, the treatment and counselling assistance to persons with mental disorders was rendered only after seeing a doctor. The main results of the experiment are as follows: 1) the follow-up group of patients noticeably diminished at the expense of a decrease of the number of persons taken under the follow-up studies as well as at the expense of more rapid removal of the patients from the register including their active transfer to the patients' group given medical advice; 2) in the follow-up group structure, there was an increase in the number of patients with psychotic disorders and mental retardation and a noticeable lowering of the number of patients with non-psychotic disorders; 3) the group of patients to be given medical advice dramatically increased in the experimental territories, while the number of patients suffering from non-psychotic disorders accounted among them for 80-85%. On the whole the experiment provided evidence in favour of the opportuneness and soundness of introduction into psychiatric practice of the two follow-up types: as far as patients with grave mental disorders and deep social decompensation are concerned, they should be followed up over time by means of conventional methods; as to patients with milder mental disorders, the counselling form of the follow-up is quite sufficient, provided they adapt themselves socially or are well protected (in respect to children and retired persons).
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PMID:[The main results of the experiment regarding the changes in the principles of follow-up of patients with mental disorders]. 196 87

After evaluating all criteria known about indications for replanting severed extremities, we found that mental retardation (with the exception of some conceivable isolated cases) and mental illness, i.e. psychosis, can no longer be considered absolute contraindications for replantation measures, due to the adequate therapeutic possibilities that are currently available.
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PMID:[Indications for replantation in psychiatric patients exemplified by hand replantation in a patient with schizophrenia]. 196 77

We report on 4 new cases of mildly retarded patients with marfanoid habitus and a characteristic constellation of minor anomalies. These patients, although sporadic, are likely to be affected by the same X-linked type of mental retardation described by Lujan et al. (American Journal of Medical Genetics 17:311-322, 1984) and more recently by Fryns and Buttiens (American Journal of Medical Genetics 28:267-274, 1987). The similar psychiatric history in 2 of our patients suggests that psychotic behaviour could be an additional manifestation, previously unrecognized in this condition. Late diagnosis of this relatively new syndrome in all our patients confirms the difficulty of the nosologic definition of mentally retarded individuals on clinical grounds alone. On the other hand, the Lujan-Fryns syndrome appears to be more common than one would have thought.
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PMID:X-linked mental retardation with marfanoid habitus: first report of four Italian patients. 201 63

The aim of this study was to develop methods, categories, and criteria for investigating and evaluating parental functioning and potential and to relate the accuracy of such categories to prognosis. A case analysis, a predictive study, and a follow-up study of 17 abused and/or neglected children was conducted 5-6 years later. Categories were developed and cases analyzed for stress factors in childhood, youth, and early adult life and for factors related to social network, finances, work, accommodation, pregnancy, and marriage. The cases were also analyzed with regard to the following dimensions: immaturity, emotional problems, psychosis, mental retardation, alcohol and drugs. Seven areas of parental functioning were scored on a 4-point scale. The child's role and the effect of parents' unresolved problems upon the parent-child interaction were also studied. The findings of this study, limited though it is in scope, suggest that the prognosis for abusive and/or neglectful parents is poorer when they are scored high on immaturity than when they are scored high on emotional problems.
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PMID:A predictive and follow-up study of abusive and neglectful families by case analysis. 204 77

In 1983-88 period, 206 subjects with a average age of 9 years and 6 months, referred [correction of envoied] to our service for learning disabilities, have been submitted to neuropsychiatric visit with a psychometric evaluation, I.Q. included, by which a neuropsychological diagnosis has been expressed. The distribution curves of I.Q. of different diagnostic groups (neurosis, psychosis, specific learning disability with and without sociocultural deprivation, central neuromotor damage, psychomotor delay, Down syndrome, mental retardation) have been examined. The analysis shows that only subjects with central neuromotor damage, psychomotor delay, Down syndrome, mental retardation have an I.Q. less than or equal to 70. The anamnesis and clinical evaluation consent to assert an "organic" etiopathogenesis in 9 of 20 subjects with mental retardation. Therefore for diagnostic evaluation of children with learning disabilities seems useful to perform always an I.Q. and, when I.Q. less than or equal to 70, to execute an instrumental examination to exclude an "organic" etiopathogenesis.
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PMID:[The diagnostic value of the intelligence quotient in learning disabilities]. 207 99

In the treatment of epileptic children, it is important to give considerations to the child's psychological aspects. One of considerations should be given to the neuropsychological disorders, since it is sometimes observed that learning disabilities coincide with epilepsy. Another consideration should be given to psychiatric disorders. Mental retardation occurs about 20% of epileptic children. Among personality and behavioral problems, hyperactivity is observed in younger children, while a viscous tendency is seen after puberty. The incidence of these two problems is related to the severity of mental retardation. In the course of the treatment of epileptic children, puberty is an important period. It is necessary to assist epileptic children to cope with the disease they have. Although the incidence is small, an acute or chronic epileptic psychosis is observed after puberty. An existence of pseudoseizures should not be forgotten. Cognitive or behavioral problems may occur as a result of anti-epileptic drugs.
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PMID:[Neuropsychological and psychiatric problems in epileptic children]. 218 70

The prevalence, causal origin of and impairments associated with severe mental retardation (SMR) were investigated among all school-age children (six to 13 years) living in the city of Bologna, Italy. 90 children (57 boys, 33 girls) with IQs less than or equal to 50 were identified. The prevalence of SMR was 4.2 per 1000 for males, 2.5 per 1000 for females and 3.4 per 1000 for both sexes. Causal origin was prenatal for 33.3 per cent, perinatal for 14.4 per cent, combined pre- and perinatal for 5.6 per cent and postnatal for 13.3 per cent. Another 12.3 per cent of the children with IQs less than or equal to 50 had autism or childhood psychosis, while there was no evident cause of mental retardation for the remaining 21.1 per cent. 50 per cent had at least one associated physical or neurological impairment other than mental retardation, with epilepsy and cerebral palsy predominating.
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PMID:An epidemiological study on severe mental retardation among schoolchildren in Bologna, Italy. 225 87

Distributions of psychiatric classifications among 42,479 persons with mental retardation were reviewed to determine whether relative rates of disorders for persons with both mental retardation and a mental disorder resembled those identified in other studies. Analyses conducted separately for children, adults, by sex, and by intellectual level indicated that rates of reported schizophrenic and psychotic disorders were generally higher than expected relative to rates of personality disorders, affective disorders, anxiety and phobic disorders, and behavior disorders. Factors that may have affected relative rates of identification were noted, and the need to develop more adequate assessment methodologies and conduct valid studies of population samples was underscored.
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PMID:Do some mental disorders occur less frequently among persons with mental retardation? 234 Jan 37

This study analyses the number and distribution of children (n = 97,161) attending the medical out-patient service at the University Children's Hospital of Zurich with psychiatric diagnoses during the years 1973-1982. The average prevalence (one-year periods) of the patients with psychiatric diagnoses represents 17.8%, the incidence (ten-year period) represents 20.5%. In the group of patients with psychiatric diagnoses, the percentage of children having a psychosomatic diagnosis is 57.2%, the percentage of psychosocial diagnoses is 42.8% (29.9% developmental disturbance, 5.8% psychoreactive syndromes, 4.0% psychoorganic syndromes, 2.8% mental retardation, 0.3% psychosis). 58.7% of the patients with psychiatric diagnoses are boys, 41.3% girls; age-frequency demonstrates the following distribution: 1-4 years 22.6%, 5-7 years 19.3%, 8-10 years 19.5%, 11-13 years 18.5%, 14-16 years 14.5%, 17-20 years 5.6%. The data of this study document the importance of psychosomatic and psychosocial phenomena in childhood and adolescence. They have implications for the content of educational programs and research efforts.
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PMID:[Psychosomatic and psychosocial diagnoses at the Zurich University pediatric clinic. A retrospective study of ambulatory patients 1973 to 1982]. 243 77

As part of a program to assess the needs of patients in a state hospital scheduled to be closed, a psychiatrist provided consultation for 101 chronically ill patients, including formulation of a principal diagnosis by DSM-III-R criteria. Compared with earlier diagnoses made by the hospital, the consultant diagnosed fewer cases of schizophrenia and more cases of organic mental disorders, affective syndromes, and mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders. The largest numbers of patients no longer diagnosed as schizophrenic received diagnoses of psychosis not otherwise specified, with further assessment recommended, or organic mental disorder. The author believes consultation programs like this one can help state hospital staff take a fresh look at long-term patients and can provide useful experience for psychiatric residents who assist with such consultations.
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PMID:Diagnostic consultation to a state hospital. 259 85


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