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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors analysed 13 cases of West's syndrome (8 females and 5 males observed in a period of 30 months. In only one case there was history of perinatal trauma. In 7 children the psychomotor development was very good until the time of development of seizures, in 2 children hyperexcitability was present, 1 was obese, 2 had various infections. In 7 cases the seizures developed within 1 to 20 days after DiPerTe or poliomyelitis vaccination. The time from the onset of seizures to beginning of hormonal treatment ranged from 4 weeks to 5 months. Corticosteroids or ACTH were administered for 2 months at least, and benzodiazepine drugs and/or phenobarbital were given additionally. It was found that the effects of treatment were much better in children referred for treatment early after onset of seizures. In cases with delayed hormonal treatment mental retardation was considerable and seizures were frequent.
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PMID:[Importance of early hormonal treatment of salaam seizures for the further course of epilepsy in children]. 17 99

This paper describes the development of a screening instrument for a community-based neuroepidemiological survey in a rural community in Ethiopia. A pilot study in 1984 to pre-test the questionnaires developed revealed that epilepsy, poliomyelitis, mental retardation and speech disturbances were the most common neurological disorders among the 3,000 rural inhabitants surveyed. The study suggested that a base-population of about 50,000 was required for a future major epidemiological survey to identify rare neurological disorders.
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PMID:Community-based study of neurological disorders in Ethiopia: development of a screening instrument. 220 80

A review of 965 children with neurological disorders, seen at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, over a 3-year period (1985-1987), revealed that epilepsy was the most common neurological problem affecting 60% of the children, followed by cerebral palsy (16%), speech disorders (8.3%), mental retardation (7.2%), behaviour disorders (2.2%), paralytic poliomyelitis (1.55%), premature craniosynostosis (1.0%), visual and auditory impairment (1.0%) and muscle disorders (0.72%). Perinatal problems such as birth asphyxia, severe neonatal jaundice and infections were the most common aetiological factors identified. Facilities for rehabilitation of the children were inadequate and this, together with the people's ignorance of the natural history of some of the neurological disorders, may account for the high rate of default from follow-up observed in this study. The need for improved maternal and perinatal health services and vigorous health education strategies is emphasized by this review. The positive effect of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is reflected in the sharp decline in the proportion of children with neurological disorders owing to paralytic poliomyelitis, from 9.2% in the period 1978-1980, to 1.55% in the present study.
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PMID:A review of neurological disorders seen at the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. 248 97

The reduction of working ability, because of disease, was considered in 1,053 subjects. 21 groups of maladies were found; the neurological disease and mental retardation (MR) caused various degrees of working inability in 416 subjects, i.e. in the 39.51% of the examined population; orthopaedic changes affected the 15.57% of the patients; psychic disorders determined some inability in 8.93% of the persons. The subjects unable to work receive, by Law, an economic help. This study was limited to neurological patients and to subjects mentally retarded. The working ability was reduced by 5 types of disturbances: neuromotor pathology, mental retardation, mental deterioration and dementia, epilepsy, other neurological diseases. The neuromotor pathology affected 163 subjects; the types of symptomatology: hemiplegia; it was found in 71 patients; 62 times it was the result of cerebrovascular disease; in 4 patients it was caused by a hypoxic-ischaemic pre-perinatal encephalopathy. 43 patients affected by cerebrovascular disease lost their personal autonomy, i.e. they could no longer do the activities of daily living (ADL); 7 patients lost their working ability; 12 subjects kept some ability to work. The hemiplegias which struck after 50 years of age were caused by cerebrovascular disease; paraplegia: 28 paraplegic patients have been seen; the aetiology was: poliomyelitis in 8 subjects; MS in 5 patients; ALS in 2 patients; in 13 patients the aetiology was unknown. 6 patients resulted unable to work; 8 persons kept some working ability; 14 patients lost the ability to do the ADL; tetraplegia, or double/bilateral hemiplegia, was found in 20 patients; the aetiology: poliomyelitis in 4 patients; pre-perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in 4 patients; 3 patients of MS; lesion of the cervical spinal cord because of breech delivery in 2 patients; the aetiology was not known in 7 persons. The ability to do the ADL was lost in 17 patients; 3 subjects kept some working ability. Double or bilateral hemiplegia (Little disease) was the model of neuromotor deficit subsequent natal encephalopathy (Infantile Cerebral Palsy, PCI); brachial plexus paralysis was only found from obstetrical (i.e. natal) origin; poliomyelitis and PKU resulted prevented as of 10 years. Mental Retardation (MR) was considered a borderline pathology between neurology and psychiatry; it included 162 subjects: in patients with severe MR a pre-perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy was found in 40.4% of the cases; in patients affected by moderate or light MR the same encephalopathy was found in the 11.3% of the subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Neurologic diseases, mental retardation and reduction in work capacity]. 293 89

In a Nigerian town with a stable population of 20,000, a door-to-door survey was conducted, using a questionnaire involving a complete census and a simple neurological evaluation which had previously showed a 95% sensitivity and an 80% specificity for detecting neurological disease. Positive responders were evaluated and categorised, using agreed criteria for diagnoses. Nearly 100% cooperation was obtained. Life prevalence ratio for at least one episode of headache was 51/1000. Crude point prevalence ratio for migrainous headache was 5.3/100, and peak age-specific ratio was in the first decade. Prevalence ratio for epilepsy was 533/100,000 and peak age-specific prevalence ratio occurred in the 5-14 years age groups. The prevalence ratio for peripheral nerve disorders was 268/100,000, and age-specific prevalence ratio for tropical neuropathy increased with age. Prevalence ratio for stroke was rather low at 58/100,000, but was probably due to the people's attitude to the disabled elderly and high mortality of stroke which showed annual mortality rate of 70/100,000 which increased with age to 1519/100,000 per year in the eighth decade. Crude prevalence ratios (cases per 100,000) for others are 112 for neurological complications (including sciatica) of spondylosis, 15 each for poliomyelitis, motor neurone disease, development speech disorders, 10 each for syncope, hereditary neuropathies. Parkinson's disease, benign essential tremor, primary cerebellar degeneration, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, organic psychosis (probable intracranial tumor) and 5 each for muscular dystrophy, pyomyositis, spina bifida occulta, alcohol dependence and cerebral malaria. The implications of the findings are important for development of community neurological services in the developing countries.
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PMID:Neurological disorders in Nigerian Africans: a community-based study. 303 73

This report presents a survey of disabling conditions conducted by village health communicators (VHCs) in 1989 in a rural northern Thai community. The disabled were first identified by a VHC and then examined clinically and socially by a health care team both to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to formulate an appropriate treatment plan. The overall prevalence rate of disabled persons was 6.3/1,000 population. The prevalence rate was higher for males than females and increased with age. Locomotor disability (48.8%) was the most commonly identified disabling condition, with visual disability (27.8%) the next most common. Communication disorders, mental retardation, and psychosis constituted the remaining 23.4%. Of the locomotor disabilities, the major disabling conditions were poliomyelitis, congenital malformations, traumatic amputations, and cerebral palsy. Unoperated cataract accounted for 72.0% of all cases with visual disabilities. While the true magnitude of the disability problem may be somewhat understated, the data reported in this study clearly reveal that there are many persons with untreated disabling conditions in rural communities, and that a significant number of them can benefit from medical treatment and rehabilitation. A survey utilizing VHCs may be helpful to identify the disabled in rural communities.
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PMID:Prevalence of disabling conditions in a rural northern Thai community: a survey conducted by village health communicators. 782 25

In 1986 in the Kuthar Valley in the Anantnag District of south Kashmir (northwestern India), we studied the population to ascertain the prevalence and pattern of various neurological diseases. A house-to-house survey was done in a rural population of 63,645 (according to a World Health Organization protocol, 1981). 616 cases of major neurological disorders were detected, yielding a prevalence of ratio of 9.67/1,000 as of prevalence day November 1, 1986. The prevalence ratios for various common neurological disorders were: epilepsy 2.47/1,000; stroke 1.43/1,000; paralytic poliomyelitis 2.18/1,000; mental retardation 2.09/1,000; deaf mutism 1.63/1,000, and cerebral palsy 1.24/1,000. Persons with these conditions constituted 92% of all neurological cases. Patients with motor neuron disease, Alzheimer's dementia or multiple sclerosis were not found.
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PMID:Prevalence and pattern of major neurological disorders in rural Kashmir (India) in 1986. 801 64

Following the 1990 World Summit for Children, the annual report of UNICEF detailed progress to the Summit's goals it set for the year 2000. The targets are a 33% reduction in under-5 mortality, halving child malnutrition and maternal mortality rates, and 90% immunization coverage of major childhood diseases. Over 85 states are signed up with national programs to mobilize not only health services but to extend it to schools, media, religious leaders, and businesses. The maternal mortality rate of 1 in 20 in Africa compares with 1 in 3600 in North America; and under-5 mortality rates of 5 in 1000 in Sweden are compared with 300/1000 in Niger. 61 countries are still likely to double their population in the next 35 years, and millions of women have no access to birth control programs. Mental retardation caused by lack of iodine in the diet claims an estimated 6 million victims. There are also the familiar problems created by diarrhea, measles, and bottle feeding. On the other hand, the new UNICEF report, The Progress of Nations, demonstrates that in little more than 1 generation average real incomes have doubled; child death rates have halved; malnutrition has fallen by about 30% (only 1 or 2% of the world's children are affected by visible malnutrition); life expectancy has increased by about 33%; modern contraceptive use by couples has risen from less than 10% to over 50% since 1960; and average family size is declining in almost every country. In just a decade measles immunization coverage of the developing world's children has risen from 20% to 80% saving 3 million young lives a year and preventing 50 million other children from catching a nonfatal dose. Nevertheless, these gains are thwarted by the existence of millions of malnourished and uneducated children whose prospects for future employment are constrained by polio, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation.
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PMID:UNICEF's goals for 2000 AD. 810 79

The survey on immunization, treatment for diarrhea, night blindness, and infant mortality was carried out in April, 1992, using a cluster sample design and systematic random sampling. 30 clusters (villages) were selected from a total of 105, and 25 households with a child less than 5 years old were identified in each cluster. The female head of household was interviewed. A total of 761 households with at least 1 child less than 5 years old were surveyed. There were 4667 persons in the sample: 282 were children less than one year old and 853 were children aged 12-59 months. The mean age of the respondents was 34 +or- 9 years, and 48% could not read. A handicapped person was reported in 14% (106/761) of the households. In children under 10 years of age, mental retardation, polio sequelae, and deafness/hardness of hearing were the leading causes (17/21, 81%) of disability. In children 10-14 years old, deafness/hardness of hearing and partial or complete blindness accounted for 72% (15/21) of the disabilities: 33% of 20-39 years old handicapped adults (14/42) were missing 1 or more limbs and 12% (5/42) suffered from polio sequelae. A child with night blindness was reported in 14% (107/761) of the households. Diarrheal episodes in the 2 weeks before the survey amounted to 578/761 (51%) of children less than 5 years old. Treatment included oral rehydration therapy in 145 (10%), and Western medicine in 702 (49%). 49% of the mothers reported that their child had been immunized. Fully immunized children 9-23 months old numbered 20/134 (6%). Infant mortality rate was 84/1000 live births. 81% of infant deaths occurred within 6 months of birth. Fevers and respiratory distress were reported as the leading causes of death. Improving access to immunization services should be a priority. The high number of night blindness and either partial or complete loss of vision indicate need for vitamin A supplements. In-depth interviews of mothers of recently deceased children could help determine the causes of death, and assist program planners in reducing the high morbidity and mortality in the district.
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PMID:A population-based health survey in Kon Dieng District, Cambodia. 824 69

This symposium addresses the unique physiological problems, current research, future needs, and widespread applicability for research involving people experiencing five major chronic disabilities within the United States: quadriplegia, paraplegia, mental retardation, multiple sclerosis, and poliomyelitis. Each author represents ACSM members who, by their distinguished research efforts, exemplify scientists who have demonstrated their dedication to the specific needs of these populations. The papers will give a brief description of the pathophysiology of the disability and the resultant effects upon the group's acute response to exercise and their physiological adaptations to exercise programs. Each paper will include reports on the state of current research and what benefits to that group could be expected if a major research breakthrough occurred. Additionally, the papers will indicate the major research questions currently confronting each population and a brief statement about the strategy needed to resolve these questions. If applicable, the authors will address how such a model (of the specific disability/disease) could be used to better understand the able-bodied response to exercise. The purpose of this symposium, therefore, was not only to better understand the effects of exercise on persons having chronic disabilities, but from a physiological point of view, to use what we know about the response of people with chronic disabilities to better understand the able-bodied response.
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PMID:Introduction: exercise capacities and adaptations of people with chronic disabilities--current research, future directions, and widespread applicability. 847 95


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