Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry' or "broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.
 ...
PMID:Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. 52 21

Social class and the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual II Diagnosis were examined for all patients contracting the Department of Psychiatry over a year at a large county hospital. This sample was primarily lower class -50 per cent Class V and 33 per cent in Class IV. All diagnoses showed average class between IV and V. Organic brain syndrome, both psychiatric and non-psychotic, and mental retardation had lower average social class than other diagnoses. A small sample of the diagnosis behaviour disorder of childhood and adolescence was also lower than other diagnoses. Class V patients with mental malfunction may present differently than patients from other social classes. The absence of differences on neurosis and functional psychosis may have been due to the predominance of lower class patients, diagnosticians more familiar with lower class patients, or the allowable choice of diagnoses.
 ...
PMID:Social class and psychiatric diagnosis: differential findings in a lower-class sample. 65 66

The author reviews the current epidemiological concepts in Latin America, assesses the general mental health levels and sets forth some basic proposals aiming at the allocation and use of scarce resources, incorporating as an important one the community itself. The classic models for Mental Health Programs, defined through their basic infrastructures are analyzed: a) The Institution-Pscychiatric Hospital, aimed mainly at tertiary prevention, custody, and biologic therapy, and having high costs with reduced benefits; b) The Mental Health Unit, aimed mainly at secondary prevention, providing several services, and having high costs with good benefits; and c) The Comprehensive Program, aiming mainly at primary prevention, providing several specialized services together with the use of the resources of the community itself, and having low costs with high benefits. An overview of Mental Health indicators shows the following rates of prevalence: a) neurosis, 15%; b) alcoholism, 5%; c) epilepsy, 2%; d) psychosis, 1%; e) dementia, 1%; f) mental retardation, 1%. The total prevalence rate for the six basic psychopathological entities is 25%, in the population of more than 15 years of age. The minimal requirement of psychiatrists for that degree of prevalence is about 80/one million inhabitants, that is, an increase fourfold to fivefold of the present number. To attain this goal, at least 50 years are required, during which mental health services are likely to maintain their present deficits, unless a new conception of mental health services is used. The author proposes the generalized use of Comprehensive Programs, as the only possibility of providing within periods reasonably short an adequate service. The importance of incorporating the mental health resources of the community is stressed. The experiences made in Chile during three different governments, having different political and ideological basis, are briefed, showing the evidence of a number of advantages to be gained with the proposed system, in a relatively short timespan--less than 10 years.
 ...
PMID:[Policy of mental health in Latin America]. 98 40

There is an important jeopardizing factor for all nosological classificatory systems, in general Psychiatry as well as in child Psychiatry: the lack of a universally valid basis for defining concepts of "normal" and "pathological". Both stem from social patterns, values, culture and organization. Thus, they vary widely in different countries and communities. In order to attain the much needed general nosological criteria, the starting point is to our mind, a scientific comprehensive conception of man in the midst of a social environment. Pathological phenomena are usually located either in biological, psychological or sociological domains, but they are all-pervading and affect man in the whole. Taking into account that the same can be said about children, we discuss in this paper one classificatory system proposed by Telma Reca M. D. and modified by the author. Following the gravitation of the main aethiological factors, four categories are proposed: a. Psychogenetical diseases: regular or reactive developmental disturbances; acute anxiety; neurotic traits; fully developed neurosis, and psychosomatic disturbances of neurotic origin; speech disturbances of a pure psychological nature, etc. b. Psychical disorders derived from physical diseases: acute confusional or delusional states; mental retardation; epilepsy; minimal cerebral disfunction; learning difficulties derived from injuries or/and genetic deficiencies, etc. c. Psychical disorders derived from social problems: bad nourishment, disturbed sleep, faulty or disorderly sexual behaviour; poor or disturbed performance at school or in social groups, etc. d. Disorders caused by several factors: psychotic traits; psychosis; psychopathic behaviour; lack of maturity according to chronological age; congenital personality disorders, etc.
 ...
PMID:[Nosography in child psychiatry]. 116 72

In 1983-88 period, 206 subjects with a average age of 9 years and 6 months, referred [correction of envoied] to our service for learning disabilities, have been submitted to neuropsychiatric visit with a psychometric evaluation, I.Q. included, by which a neuropsychological diagnosis has been expressed. The distribution curves of I.Q. of different diagnostic groups (neurosis, psychosis, specific learning disability with and without sociocultural deprivation, central neuromotor damage, psychomotor delay, Down syndrome, mental retardation) have been examined. The analysis shows that only subjects with central neuromotor damage, psychomotor delay, Down syndrome, mental retardation have an I.Q. less than or equal to 70. The anamnesis and clinical evaluation consent to assert an "organic" etiopathogenesis in 9 of 20 subjects with mental retardation. Therefore for diagnostic evaluation of children with learning disabilities seems useful to perform always an I.Q. and, when I.Q. less than or equal to 70, to execute an instrumental examination to exclude an "organic" etiopathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:[The diagnostic value of the intelligence quotient in learning disabilities]. 207 99

As many as 162 children with mental retardation were examined. Neurosis-like disturbances were revealed in 60 children (37%). They were associated more frequently with the cerebral asthenic syndrome, motor disinhibition and psychopath-like behavior. For the most part the neurosis-like disturbances were provoked by psychic traumas in the families. Multimodality therapy carried out on a daytime hospital basis resulted in complete reduction of the neurosis-like symptomatology in 33% of the children.
 ...
PMID:[The characteristics of neurosis-like states and their treatment in children with retarded mental development]. 216 31

A comparative analysis of new cases seen at the Child Psychiatric Clinic in 1975 and 1985 is made in this study. There was a three and a half fold increase in the number of patients seen from 245 to 893. There was no significant change in sex ratio or ethnic groups. However, in 1985 more younger children (aged less than 6 years) were seen at the Clinic. The waiting time remained short with half the number of cases seen within one week of appointment. The commonest conditions besides Normal Variation were Adjustment Reaction, Mental Retardation, Conduct Disorder and Neurosis. Three-fifths of cases were discharged from follow-up within three months of therapy. Most cases (90%) did not require pharmacological therapy whilst family therapy was prescribed for a fifth of cases seen in 1985.
 ...
PMID:A comparative study of new cases seen at the Child Psychiatric Clinic in 1975 and 1985. 263

Sixty-six schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 attending community schools suffered from various types of psychophysical infantilism and encephalopathic forms (in the cerebrasthenia and psycho-organic syndrome background) of mental retardation. The decompensation of the residual organic cerebral insufficiency with enhancement of neurosis-like and cerebrasthenic disorders resulting from increased mental load was the first stage of these children disadaptation to the school demands. At the 2nd stage, as the self-esteem lowered and negative attitude of other schoolchildren arose, the neurotic disorders emerged alongside with prevalent depressive reactions and fear of getting bad marks and being an object of ridicule at school. Children with lesser degrees of intellectual and encephalopathic disorders were better adapted to school environment.
 ...
PMID:[Neurotic and neurosis-like disorders in the school maladaptation of children with retardation of mental development]. 319 87

The relationship between mental retardation and psychiatric disturbance was studied by comparing the mentally retarded in the age group 20-60 years with matched controls. The mildly retarded showed a higher degree of neuroticism but did not differ significantly from persons of higher intelligence in the frequency of mental illnesses. By contrast the severely retarded showed an increased mental morbidity, mainly in the form of chronic psychoorganic syndromes, as compared with both the mildly retarded and controls.
 ...
PMID:Psychiatric illness among the mildly mentally retarded. 348 94

The unusual finding of an abnormal seasonal distribution of schizophrenic births, showing an excess of 10% in the winter or spring months and an equal deficit in the summer or autumn months, cannot be explained by artefacts. It has not yet been established whether the finding is specific to schizophrenia. We observed an excess of schizophrenic births of some 10% in March to May, significant at the 5% level, and a deficit of approximately the same size in June to August on the birth data of first-admission patients with the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia. The data, obtained from the Mannheim Psychiatric Case Register, were compared with those of the Mannheim population and a control group matched by birth year and sex. The total population of mentally retarded children aged 7 to 16 years from the Mannheim population showed an excess of some 20% in April to June and an equal deficit in the last two quarters of the year, compared with the Mannheim population of the same birth years. The finding was not significant, but allowance must be made for the low case number of 415. We also compared 3409 first-admission patients with depressive syndromes (ICD 296 and 300.4) and 5615 first-admission patients with the diagnosis of "neurosis and personality disorders" (ICD 300-302, except 300.4, and 305-309) from the Mannheim Case Register with a control population and a parallel control group. Depressed males showed an excess of births in March to May, which was significant at the 1% level; the birth peak for females was smaller and not significant. The same findings were obtained for the category of neurosis and personality disorders, i.e. an excess of about 10% in March to May for males, significant at the 1% level, and a non-significant excess for females. Our findings are awaiting replication. Causal explanations will be discussed with great reservation. The procreational hypothesis, assuming those factors that lead to an equidirectional seasonal pattern of births with a slight deviation from the average of a year in the general population, to be reinforced in the disease categories mentioned, is regarded as the most simple and plausible explanation. It is based on the assumption that some of the parents of individuals suffering from schizophrenia, mental retardation or probably also some other mental disorders running from generation to generation, have a higher threshold in partner-seeking behaviour, which is overcome more easily in the summer months with the consequence of increased pregnancies.
 ...
PMID:Abnormal seasonality of schizophrenic births. A specific finding? 367 92


1 2 3 Next >>