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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Forty-two articles published between 1961 and 1977 describing 43 probands and 26 siblings with histidinaemia were used for the retrospective study. Our objective was to describe the apparent impact of the mutation on development and health in human histidinaemia. The findings were similar to those of an earlier survey (Popkin et al., 1974). Most probands (79%) had a disadaptive CNS phenotype (mental retardation, impaired speech, seizures, aberrant behaviour, and/or learning disorder); half the histidinaemic siblings had a similar phenotype. The modal IQ score was 70; age at recognition of symptoms (CNS phenotype) varied from 1 month to 16 y (modal age 2 1/2 y). There was no correlation between blood histidine (reported values) and occurrence of severity of CNS phenotype. Thirty per cent of histidinaemia subjects, for whom the perinatal history was described, had an abnormal experience. Reported cases with the CNS phenotype apparently represent a very small fraction (about 1%) of all subjects with histidinaemia; this implies that the histidinaemia phenotype is not disadaptive in man.
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PMID:Histidinaemia. Part II: Impact; a retrospective study. 641 Jan 18

Forty children with the following behavior characteristic were selected by observing the attachment behavior between them and their parents at the time of developmental exam in a 18 months' health checkup. The behavior in question is; 18 month old children scurry away from their parent without looking back on parent's calls and without confirming parent's positions. Then all the examined 978 children including the children who had shown the above scurrying away behavior were prospectively followed until before the entry to school. At age six, 6 children were diagnosed of Mental Retardation, 4 of Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and 28 of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Now these results (especially the relationships between this scurrying away behavior at 18 months and ADHD before the entry to school) were analyzed statistically and discussed, then the next conclusions were derived. 1. This scurrying away behavior, especially the behavior without confirming parent's positions, is significantly related to ADHD before the entry to school. 2. This scurrying away behavior is one of the characteristic behaviors at 18 months in ADHD and corresponds to hyperactivity at 18 months. 3. The conduct of throwing a toy block is one of the behaviors that indicates impulsivity at 18 months, when children are requested to hand over a toy block in the developmental exam. 4. Through behavioral observation, ADHDs before the entry to school are categorized to 3 subtypes by presence or absence of this scurrying away behavior at 18 months or by presence or absence of aggressivity before the entry to school. 5. Among the 3 subtypes, the type with this scurrying away behavior and aggressivity before the entry is most necessary to be treated continuously from early childhood. Because it has impulsivity and speech delay since 18 months and untreatable behavioral problems in day nurseries or kindergartens, and therefore it might have Conduct Disorder or Learning Disorder in the future.
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PMID:[Hyperactivity at 18 months of age and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder before entry to school--follow up study from 18 months to 6 years]. 908 45

This is the first report of an adult patients with the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in Japan, who was treated for psychiatric disorders. The case was a 35 years-old woman who had many neuropsychiatric symptoms. She had been treated for 15 years at the Kurihama Alcoholism Center, for mental retardation, schizophrenic symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disorder, trichotillomania, bipolar disorder, and impulsive behavior. She had low body weight at birth, mental retardation and a small facial malformation, which were diagnosed as FAS. At first admission, she was not diagnosed as FAS because her parent denied that her mother drank during pregnancy. Recently, her family admitted her mother's heavy drinking during pregnancy, and we diagnosed her as having FAS. She showed many pathological symptoms of the central nervous system such as very lower scores for performance IQ than for verbal IQ in the WAIS-R and enlargement of the lateral ventricle on MRI. Recently many reports have mentioned that prenatal alcohol exposure brings about severe damage of the central nervous system. Therefore, one author proposes that such disorders are referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). This patient showed many symptoms of FASD, and was difficult to treat because of these symptoms.
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PMID:[Adult fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) with various nouropsychiatric symptoms]. 1557 76

The KINDL-questionnaire is able to measure degrees of health and adaptability in relation to quality of life (QOL) in children. The questionnaire can be completed by children, adolescents, and their parents (parent-version). We had translated Kid-KINDL questionnaire into Japanese as Questionnaire for Measuring QOL in Japanese Elementary School Children, and reported their reliability and validity. This study investigates Japanese elementary school version of the Kid-KINDL questionnaire scores consisting of 6 dimensions (4 items each;total score, 100) for children with developmental disorders without mental retardation including high-functioned pervasive developmental disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disorder, and the parent-version scores for their mothers. Twenty individuals in normal class and their mothers participated after informed consents were obtained. Their total QOL scores were significantly lower than those in control group. Four of 6 dimensions consisting of emotional well-being, self-esteem, family, friends and school had significantly lower points. Their mothers' points in total QOL scores and all dimensions except for family dimension were significantly lower than those in control group. In comparison of scores between children with mild developmental disorders and their mothers, children estimated lower in self-esteem and family dimensions instead mother estimated lower in health, emotional well-being and school dimensions. There was no difference in total scores between them. Children with mild developmental disorders and their mothers estimate lower points of QOL scores than those of the normal control group. There are different perceptions in 5 of 6 dimensions between the children and their mothers.
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PMID:[Study of the kid-kINDL questionnaire scores for children with developmental disorders in normal classes and their parents]. 1671 31

The laboratory hallmark of BCECTS is the rolandic discharge (RD) in the EEG of patients, occurring in a characteristic topographical, vigilance-related, event-related, and age-related pattern, disappearing during puberty. RDs are present in 2% of healthy children. About 8% of children with RDs have epilepsy. An increased prevalence rate of RDs is found in children with cognitive and behavioral disorders, with headaches and some genetic syndromes. In some patients, the cognitive disorders are transient but in others they are progressive, resulting in stable mental retardation after puberty. A recent study of 36 BCECTS patients addressed the following questions. (1) the possible relationship between the severity of RDs and the neuropsychological deficits; (2) the profile of neuropsychological deficits; (3) changes of cognition related to EEG changes; and (4) effects of therapy. No correlation was found between global IQ and the severity of the RDs. All the children had at least one specific learning disorder (sometimes long-lasting). When the children were treated, a correlation between cognitive and EEG improvement could not be demonstrated. Recently, 21 patients without epilepsy but with attention deficit and hyperactivity and/or learning disorders were studied: an open treatment trial with sulthiame resulted in improved sustained and selective attention. The neurobiology of RDs and their relationship to cognitive dysfunction and epilepsy requires further study.
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PMID:The spectrum from BCECTS to LKS: The Rolandic EEG trait-impact on cognition. 1710 66

Neuroligin 4 (NLGN4) is a member of a cell adhesion protein family that appears to play a role in the maturation and function of neuronal synapses. Mutations in the X-linked NLGN4 gene are a potential cause of autistic spectrum disorders, and mutations have been reported in several patients with autism, Asperger syndrome, and mental retardation. We describe here a family with a wide variation in neuropsychiatric illness associated with a deletion of exons 4, 5, and 6 of NLGN4. The proband is an autistic boy with a motor tic. His brother has Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Their mother, a carrier, has a learning disorder, anxiety, and depression. This family demonstrates that NLGN4 mutations can be associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions and that carriers may be affected with milder symptoms.
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PMID:Familial deletion within NLGN4 associated with autism and Tourette syndrome. 1823 Nov 25

The purpose of this study is to clarify details of children who have special supportive educational needs in the regular classroom environment and to reveal the result of their health check-ups at 1.5 and 3 years of age. Between April 2004 and March 2005, 503 students from regular classes visited with their parents to the education support center as a result of behavioral or learning problems. In addition to checking the developmental history of each case, behavior observation and intelligence test (WISC III ) were completed by clinical psychologists. Parents of 258 children who requested make interviews with medical specialists were subsequently interviewed independently for one hour. The parents were given advice depending on the results of both the examinations and reports by clinical psychologists. Interviews and reports including developmental history, behavior observation, intelligence test results and school records were summarized by the authors (medical specialists and a teacher from a handicapped school). Among these children, 171 were diagnosed with developmental disorders, 103 had high function pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD), 75 had mental retardation (MR) including borderline intelligence, and 26 had both autism and MR. Furthermore, 24 children were diagnosed as AD/HD and 23 as having a learning disorder (LD). Although some developmental problems had been identified in half of the children with autism at 1.5 or 3 years of age, they had not been followed up sufficiently. Further, few children with LD or AD/HD had been identified during health check-ups. These results suggest that we should reconsider the health check-ups system for the children with LD and AD/HD as well as autism and establish a follow up system for them.
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PMID:[Study on the details of the children who require special support education in the regular classroom]. 1976 51

The Children's Category Test (CCT) is a widely used measure of problem solving with adequate psychometric properties. Yet, Shriver and Vacc (n.d.) were fairly critical of the CCT in The Mental Measurement Yearbook and highlighted its limitations. Thus, to explore the clinical validity of the widely used CCT-Level 2 (CCT-2) version, results of that test were analyzed post hoc in a sample of 265 children with mixed etiology referred for neuropsychological testing at a private outpatient laboratory. Overall, the CCT-2 correctly classified 57.7% of the sample, with 72.2% accuracy in classifying the Neuropsychologically Normal Clinical Comparison group but only 54% for the Brain Injured group. Predictive power was further reduced when the Brain Injury group was subdivided. Predictive power fell to 27.2%, with the best predictions coming for the Mental Retardation (MR) group (58.3%) and the lowest for the Learning Disorder NOS group (2.5%). The current findings suggest that the CCT's clinical application should be used with caution.
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PMID:Clinical validity of the children's category test-level 2 in a mixed sample of school-aged children. 2157 93