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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thioridazine and visual screening procedures are effective in reducing the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with mental retardation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, using alternating treatments within a multiple-baseline across subjects design, was conducted to assess the effects of two doses of thioridazine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg/day) and visual screening, alone and combined, on stereotypy and social behavior of three individuals with profound mental retardation. Functional analyses did not show demand, alone, social attention, or differential reinforcement conditions to maintain the subjects' stereotypy. Thioridazine was effective in producing modest reductions in stereotypy and minor increases in social behavior across subjects. The higher dose of thioridazine (2.5 mg/kg/day) was slightly more effective than the lower dose (1.25 mg/kg/day), and thioridazine plus visual screening was more effective than thioridazine alone. The most effective treatment was visual screening when used in the absence of thioridazine. This study demonstrates a method for assessing the impact of psychopharmacological and behavioral interventions in individuals for whom a behavioral treatment cannot be easily derived from a functional analysis of the maintaining conditions of the target behavior.
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PMID:Effects of thioridazine and visual screening on stereotypy and social behavior in individuals with mental retardation. 831 80

There have been limited reports on the incidence of Gilles de la Tourette disorder among individuals with mental retardation. Only three cases have been reported in people with severe or profound mental retardation. In this paper three additional case reports of people with severe or profound mental retardation and Tourette disorder were presented. Issues related to the diagnosis of Tourette disorder in this population were discussed.
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PMID:Gilles de la Tourette disorder among individuals with severe or profound mental retardation. 844 49

The impact of community-based instruction on the development of adaptive behavior in 34 high school students with moderate to profound mental retardation was examined. Results were: (a) Students made statistically significant gains in three of four domains of the Scales of Independent Behavior; (b) student IQ, level of student ambulation, and presence of behavior problems were not significant predictors of the amount of community-based instruction students received; and (c) the amount of community-based instruction was a more powerful predictor of gains in these domains than were IQ, level of student ambulation, and the presence of behavior problems. Results were discussed in terms of implications for the design and implementation of secondary programs for students with mental retardation.
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PMID:Impact of community-based instruction on the development of adaptive behavior of secondary-level students with mental retardation. 846 Nov 28

Procedures for teaching communicative gestures to individuals with mental retardation are focused mostly on establishing requesting or manding. It is often taken for granted that when a student has been taught to make a request, that he or she is indeed manding. Five students with severe/profound mental retardation accepted referents, regardless of whether the referents matched the gestures they made. Apparently, their responding could not be defined as manding. A correction procedure, including interruption, physical guidance, verbal instruction, and repetition, was then applied and increased the individuals' correct rejecting of unmatching referents. Data were collected within a multiple baseline design across individuals. It is suggested that assessing student's response when the trainer or teacher delivers items that do not match the referent of a prior request is a necessary part of each training program.
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PMID:Establishing the manding function of communicative gestures with individuals with severe/profound mental retardation. 846 97

Two profoundly mentally retarded, unrelated males are reported with an unidentified multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome, including early balding, patella luxations, small hands and feet, and hypogonadism, similar to a previous publication in this journal of a severely mentally retarded male patient with dysmorphic features.
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PMID:Profound mental retardation, characteristic facies with midfacial hypoplasia and premature frontotemporal balding, muscular hypotrophy, and small patellae in two unrelated male patients. 848 81

Normal development of the CNS requires adequate thyroid hormone exposure. Since iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormone molecule, its deficiency during fetal development can cause hypothyroidism and irreversible mental retardation. The full-blown syndrome, called cretinism, includes deaf-mutism, short stature, spasticity, and profound mental retardation. The clinical spectrum can vary in degree and combination of these features. Screening programs in iodine-deficient countries show that up to 10% of neonates have elevated serum TSH levels, putting them at theoretical risk for permanent brain damage. About one billion people worldwide risk the consequences of iodine deficiency, all of which can be prevented by adequate maternal and infant iodine nutrition. Iodized salt is usually the preferred prophylactic vehicle, but iodized vegetable oil, iodized water, and iodine tablets are also occasionally used. The United Nations and the heads of state of most countries have pledged the virtual elimination of iodine deficiency by the year 2000. This goal is technically feasible if pursued with sufficient vigor and resources.
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PMID:Iodine supplementation and the prevention of cretinism. 849 59

A variety of conceptual similarities between compulsions seen in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and stereotypy and self-injury seen in individuals with mental retardation led us to investigate the prevalence, phenomenology, and comorbidity of compulsions in adults with severe or profound mental retardation. We developed simple assessment screening instruments for stereotypy and self-injury and used Gedye's Compulsive Behavior Checklist and found acceptable levels of reliability, stability, and validity for each instrument. Prevalences were as follows: stereotypy: 60.9%; self-injury: 46.6%; and compulsion: 40%. The occurrence of compulsions was significantly positively associated with the occurrence of stereotypy, self-injury, and stereotypy plus self-injury.
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PMID:Compulsions in adults with mental retardation: prevalence, phenomenology, and comorbidity with stereotypy and self-injury. 852 13

The efficacy of the serotonin uptake inhibitor clomipramine in the treatment of stereotyped and related repetitive behavior disorders was tested in individuals with severe and profound mental retardation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of clomipramine was associated with significant reductions in the frequency and intensity of stereotyped behavior and teacher ratings of stereotypy, hyperactivity, and irritability as well as increased adaptive engagement and decreased staff intervention for nontargeted behavior problems. Adverse effects occurred in 3 of the 10 subjects. Of the 7 subjects who tolerated the drug, 6 exhibited a clinically significant improvement in one or more repetitive behaviors. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that clomipramine is effective in treating stereotyped and related behaviors associated with mental retardation.
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PMID:Clomipramine treatment for stereotype and related repetitive movement disorders associated with mental retardation. 855 77

Diagnosis of mental health needs in people with mental retardation using the DSM-III-R manual was critically reviewed. Conceptual issues included the interaction of different diagnosis categories; the cognitive and linguistic competencies often required for diagnosis; the potential mismatch between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and the DSM-III-R nosology; and issues relating to multi-axial classification. Strategies identified to explore and resolve these issues include better documentation of the frequency and nature of these problems when using unmodified DSM-III-R criteria, better empirical piloting of modified diagnostic criteria with people with severe and profound mental retardation, and the use of social validity data to identify potential mismatches between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and DSM-III-R diagnoses.
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PMID:DSM-III-R and persons with dual diagnoses: conceptual issues and strategies for future research. 855 11

Mortality of people with mental retardation receiving services in California was examined. The large population (N = 118,653) enabled us to work directly with mortality rates at specific ages. Up to about age 35, mortality rates of people with Down syndrome were comparable to those of people with mental retardation due to other causes. Subsequently, the increase was much more rapid in the group with Down syndrome. Mortality rates of individuals with Down syndrome doubled every 6.4 years compared to 9.6 years for people without Down syndrome. Life tables were constructed; the remaining life expectancy of a 1-year-old child with Down syndrome with mild/moderate retardation was 55 years and with profound mental retardation, 43 years.
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PMID:Mortality of people with mental retardation in California with and without Down syndrome, 1986-1991. 873 77


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