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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We recorded ABR in 65 infants and children with developmental retardation and analyzed the relationship between the incidence of abnormal findings and the degree of mental retardation, which was confirmed by follow-up observation and formal intelligence tests. There were 3 cases for whom no response could be obtained. In the 21 retardates with specific causes of retardation or complications, peripheral abnormalities were noted in 13 (62%) and central abnormalities in 11 (52%). The 41 cases of idiopathic retardates were divided into three categories according to the degree of mental retardation. Of 15 cases who were ascertained to be normal or borderline retardates, 3 (20%) showed some abnormal findings. Of 13 cases who were proven to be suffering from mild to moderate mental retardation, 5 (38%) showed abnormal findings. Of 13 cases who were confirmed to be suffering from severe to profound mental retardation, 5 (39%) showed central abnormalities. The high incidence of ABR abnormalities in retardates compared to in normal controls suggests that ABR measurement is a useful tool for evaluating infants who have possible developmental delay. It seems that disturbance of acoustic information processing can disturb language acquisition, and such a consideration is necessary for the education of children who show significant elevation of the response threshold.
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PMID:Auditory brain stem responses(ABR) in developmentally retarded infants and children. 242 72

Practical and reliable instruments to assess basic discriminations by severely and profoundly retarded persons are almost nonexistent. Research findings were reviewed on an assessment instrument, the AVC Discrimination Test, which can be administered in approximately 30 minutes to assess basic position, visual, and auditory discriminations. This test can be used with severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons and is reliable and predictive of client performance in classroom learning, language, and vocational tasks. The advantages of expanding current baseline assessment practices to include the AVC Discrimination Test in research and training programs for persons with mental retardation were discussed.
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PMID:Expanded assessment for discrimination learning with mentally retarded persons: a practical strategy for research and training. 267 9

The diagnosis of behavioral and cognitive disorders in preschool children is difficult. Infantile austism is more likely to be diagnosed than is mental retardation. Yet most children with infantile autism are also mentally retarded, and many of those with severe and profound mental retardation show autistic behavior. Factors misleading professionals into overlooking mental retardation when assessing preschool children were discussed, and essential components in the management of preschool children with behavioral, developmental, or cognitive deviations were examined.
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PMID:Misleading cues in the diagnosis of mental retardation and infantile autism in the preschool child. 271 15

Childhood mental retardation is defined as significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing together with difficulty in adaptive behaviour, manifesting during the period from birth to 18 years. We addressed the issues of diagnosis, placement and management of the mentally handicapped child in the Witwatersrand area and surveyed facilities available for them. According to our calculations, facilities were adequate for 69.7% white, 26% Indian, 9.3% coloured and only 7.6% black children. Urgent attention must be given to providing more care for these children, especially those with profound mental retardation. A special class in a regular school is the most appropriate environment for the mildly to moderately retarded group.
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PMID:Provision of services for mentally handicapped children in the Witwatersrand area. 334 Aug 96

The authors administered a 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to 85 institutionalized adults with mild to profound mental retardation after screening to exclude false-positive nonsuppression. Thirty-one (36%) of these subjects had baseline hypercortisolemia, which was significantly correlated with age, symptoms, and "modified" DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder. Twenty (24%) of the 85 subjects were nonsuppressors (5 micrograms/dl) after testing; nonsuppression was significantly related to age, female sex, level of retardation, symptoms, and "modified" DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder (sensitivity 41%, specificity 81%). First-order partial correlations maintained significant relationships between age and severity of retardation but not sex. Mental retardation itself did not appear to invalidate the DST.
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PMID:Adrenocortical function and depressive illness in mentally retarded patients. 357 69

A review of current research in the treatment of self-injurious and stereotyped behaviour is made using rule-out criteria for methodologically inadequate studies and meta-analytic procedures. It was found that profoundly mentally retarded persons between 16 years of age and over are the most likely to be effectively treated. Sex of the subject seemed to have no effect, while the level of mental retardation and the degree to which it was a factor in treatment effectiveness was unclear. The behaviour most frequently treated were head hitting and body rocking. It may also be the case that reinforcement is more effective than frequently believed when compared to punishment. The greatest effectiveness was apparent with DRO, lemon juice therapy, time-out, air splints, and DRO plus overcorrection. The implications of these data for clinicians and future research are discussed.
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PMID:A review of treatment research for self-injurious and stereotyped responding. 409 59

Five per cent of mentally retarded children in Denmark have a visual acuity below 6/60 as compared to 0.02% in the normal child population. Profound mental retardation was more prevalent among the visually impaired than among the sighted patients. An analysis was performed concerning the correlation between the degree of retardation and the severity of visual impairment, chronological age, number of complicating signs, and degree of motor impairment. The degree of mental retardation was also compared with the aetiology of visual impairment. Severe motor impairments was closely correlated with profound mental retardation.
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PMID:Why are the blind and severely visually impaired children with mental retardation much more retarded than the sighted children? 630 1

A child with terminal deletion of the long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq--) presented with marked livedo reticularis, snub nose, microcephaly, short stature, and other dysmorphic features. He was profoundly mentally retarded. Most of the patients with Yq- have been reported as having varying dysmorphic features, mental retardation, and short stature. This child, in addition to the above, has livedo reticularis and microcephaly. He was of normal birthweight and, therefore, does not come into the syndrome of microcephaly, snub nose, livedo reticularis, and low birthweight dwarfism. Further information on Yq- should be obtained to ascertain if consistent patterns of abnormalities exist.
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PMID:Yq- in a child with livedo reticularis, snub nose, microcephaly, and profound mental retardation. 714 92

Development of ambulation was studied among 1,744 children, ages 3 through 10 years, with moderate to profound mental retardation. The sample was limited to children with some degree of mobility at initial testing. Evaluations over 6 years indicated that improvements in basic skills, although not probable, do occur far past the normative age for development of speech and ambulation and across all levels of mental retardation. The probability of improvement declined with age. Degree of mental retardation and severity of motor impairment had the expected negative effects on initial skill level and probability of improvement. Limiting the sample to subjects who were mobile minimized the effect of mortality.
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PMID:Probabilities of the development of ambulation for mobile children with moderate to profound mental retardation. 747 55

Eugenics refers to the investigation of means of social control to improve the mental or physical qualities of future generations. The present study investigated whether the self-reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics of a sample of 572 respondents would vary as a function of (I) severity of the mental retardation attitude referent; and (2) respondent sociodemographic characteristics. Among the respondents, 380 were health and human service providers (66% upper division undergraduate students and 34% graduate level professionals) and 192 were upper division undergraduate students majoring in fields other than health and human services. The results supported these conclusions: (1) psychometric characteristics of the scales used to measure attitudes were adequate; (2) increasing mental retardation severity was related to increasing endorsement of eugenic principles, independent of global attitudes toward people with mental retardation; and (3) respondent education was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward mild mental retardation, while familiarity with people with mental retardation was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward moderate and profound mental retardation.
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PMID:Influence of mental retardation severity and respondent characteristics on self-reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics. 757 89


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