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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A combined preventive scheme was conducted in four hospitals in Guangzhou to lower the rate of kernicterus and mental retardation caused by related neonatal jaundice due to G6PD deficiency. Observation was focused on 330 G6PD deficient infants, and the effects were measured according to the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. The results, as compared to those of a retrospective study, showed that the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia was significantly decreased (51.4% to 21.2%), and neither kernicterus nor mental retardation infant was found in this series (12.5% in the control group). The authors conclude that this combined scheme is extremely effective and can be used in any large population area in which there is a high gene frequency of G6PD deficiency.
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PMID:[Clinical study on the prevention of kernicterus caused by hereditary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]. 133 14

The significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bilirubin levels on the outcome of neonatal jaundice has been investigated by correlations between kernicterus or brain damage and CSF bilirubin levels (Torii 1974, 1981, Meisels 1984), This study is designed to clarify the significance of CSF bilirubin levels in the long-term prognosis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Sixteen full-term newborn babies with hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin level 20.0-30.0 mg/dl) who did not receive phototherapy because of low bilirubin in their spinal fluid (usually under 0.5 mg/dl in normal neonates) were followed in this study of growth, intelligence and neurobehavior. The subjects' neurobehavior was compared with that of a matched control group. The physical growth of the children with a history of hyperbilirubinemia was within normal limits except for one girl whose weight was less than-2 SD from the average. Verbal IQ's were lower than performance IQ's in 10 out of 14 children with a history of hyperbilirubinemia. However, no mental retardation was noted. No significant difference was found between the two groups in mean positive scores on the Garfield test. In the Prechtl test, mean score of the finger-touching test was significantly higher in the children with a history of hyperbilirubinemia than in the control group. The soft sign coefficient and the occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were not significantly different in the two groups. In summary, a low bilirubin level (less than 0.5 mg/dl) in the spinal fluid seems to be a good prognostic sign in infants with neonatal bilirubinemia.
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PMID:[Long-term follow-up of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia when phototherapy was withheld because of low bilirubin levels in the spinal fluid--growth, intelligence and soft neurological signs in school children]. 176 Jan 98

5-15% of all 3-15 year old children in the world are mentally impaired. In fact, 0.4-1.5% (10-30 million) are severely mentally retarded and an additional 60-80 million children are mildly or moderately mentally retarded. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma account for most cases of mental retardation in developing countries. 1.2 million newborns survive with severe brain damage and an equal number die from moderate or severe birth asphyxia. Other causes of mental retardation can also be prevented or treated such as meningitis or encephalitis associated with measles and pertussis; grave malnutrition during the 1st months of life, especially for infants of low birth weight; hyperbilirubinemia in neonates which occurs frequently in Africa and countries in the Pacific; and iodine deficiency. In addition, iron deficiency may even slow development in infants and young children. Current socioeconomic and demographic changes and a rise in the number of employed mothers may withhold the necessary stimulation for normal development from infants and young children. Primary health care (PHC) interventions can prevent many mental handicaps. For example, PHC involves families and communities who take control of their own care. Besides traditional birth attendants, community health workers, nurse midwives, physicians, and other parents must also participate in prevention efforts. For example, they should be trained in appropriate technologies including the risk approach, home risk card, partograph, mouth to mask or bag and mask resuscitation of the newborn, kick count, and ictometer. WHO has field tested all these techniques. These techniques not only prevent mental handicaps but can also be applied at home, health centers, and day-care centers.
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PMID:Prevention of mental handicaps in children in primary health care. 178 28

Earlier surveys of cerebal palsy characterized patients with extrapyramidal (choreoathetoid) cerebral palsy as having little cognitive impairment and few associated deficits. Anoxia, which has now replaced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as a major cause of this type of cerebral palsy, predictably produces a diffuse type of brain damage. Evaluations of children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy seen in a pediatric habilitation center revealed high incidences of mental retardation, epilepsy, and other associated deficits. These findings have implications for the management and habilitation of children with extrapyramidal cerebral palsy.
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PMID:Extrapyramidal cerebral palsy: a changing view. 710 5

We studied the etiology of 76 children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 3 to 6 years, who visited the Himeji City Center for the Handicapped for neurological follow up. The patients for this study composed of 30 cases with severe handicap. 8 cases of CP with mental retardation and 10 cases of CP without mental retardation. Nine cases of CP had congenital anomalies of central nervous system, of which 8 cases showed severe handicap. Main perinatal factors were asphyxia, dyspneic condition needed for mechanical ventilation, prolonged apneic spells, and hyperbilirubinemia. All full-term birth children were accompanied with asphyxia, in which 43% had intracranial hemorrhage. A cooperative network between neonatal intensive care unit and an institute for the handicapped is essential for the care of infants with cerebral palsy.
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PMID:[Cerebral palsy in children and its relationship with perinatal medical care]. 826 Feb 6

Kernicterus is a preventable life-long neurologic syndrome caused by severe and untreated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period. High levels of bilirubin are toxic to the developing newborn. In full-term infants, hyperbilirubinemia symptoms include severe jaundice, lethargy, and poorfeeding. Features of kernicterus may include choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, mental retardation, sensorineural hearing loss, and gaze paresis. Kernicterus is not a reportable condition in the United States, and its prevalence is unknown; however, a pilot registry at a Pennsylvania hospital documented 90 cases in 21 states from 1984 to June 2001 (L. Johnson, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, personal communication, 2001). This report summarizes case histories of four full-term, healthy infants who developed kernicterus and underscores that to prevent kernicterus, newborns must be screened and promptly treated for hyperbilirubinemia.
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PMID:Kernicterus in full-term infants--United States, 1994-1998. 1142 29

Two children with mental retardation, choreoathetosis, dystonia, and muscle rigidity are reported. They had a history of severe hyperbilirubinemia after birth as a result of Rh isoimmunization. The history and clinical picture suggested the diagnosis of kernicterus. The magnetic resonance imaging examination showed a bilateral signal intensity increase in the globus pallidus on T2-weighted images. Additionally, our patients showed symmetric bilateral hyperintensity and volume loss in the hippocampus, which is known to be another characteristic area of bilirubin deposition in kernicterus.
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PMID:Bilateral mesial temporal sclerosis and kernicterus. 1509 Nov 33

Neonatal hyperthyroidism is a rare disease that is seen in infants born to mothers with Graves' disease. Hepatic manifestation of neonatal hyperthyroidism is extremely rare. We describe a neonate with fulminant liver failure secondary to neonatal hyperthyroidism caused by maternal Graves's disease. The baby was admitted with low birth weight and hepatosplenomegaly. At day 2 of life, the baby was irritable and he developed respiratory distress and fulminant hepatic failure which required mechanical ventilation. All investigations of obstructive, infectious and metabolic causes of hepatic failure were negative. His hepatic dysfunction improvement was correlated with initiation carbimazole as anti-thyroid medication. The conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, liver enzymes and International Normalised Ratio (INR) were gradually improved with normalization by eight weeks. This case has been reported to illustrate lessons learnt for early identification of neonate with hyperthyroidism as potential cause of cholestasis is important, because delayed treatment of hyperthyroidism might lead to irreversible consequences such as mental retardation or even death due to liver failure.
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PMID:Neonatal Hyperthyroidism with Fulminant Liver Failure: A Case Report. 2857 Dec 23

Maternofoetal infection with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection and a leading cause of mental retardation and sensori-neural hearing loss. Population-based studies indicate that at least 0.5% of all infants born alive have CMV of whom approximately 10% have clinically evident symptomsat birth. The Justification of systematic screening for foetal CMV infection is still controversial and is not recommended in most developed countries. This is mainly justified by the paucity of antenatal prognostic factors and the lack of established intrauterine treatment when foetal infection has been diagnosed. In case of congenital CMV infection, infants can be symptomatic or asymptomatic at birth. Mortality for such infants can reach 30%, and survivors can have mental retardation, sensorineural hearing loss, chorioretinitis, and other significant medical problems. A newborn symptomatic is defined by the existence of clinical and / or biological signs and / or neonatal imaging, the most frequent clinical signs are: hepatosplenomegaly (60%), microcephaly (53%), jaundice (67%), petechiae (76%), at least one neurological abnormality (68%). The frequency of biological abnormalities is as follows: increase in transaminases (83%), thrombocytopenia (77%), hyperbilirubinemia (69%), haemolysis (51%), hyperproteinorrachy (46%). The abnormalities of neonatal imaging are present in 70% of symptomatic newborns; intracerebral calcifications are the most frequent abnormalities. We report a case of newborn who presented a congenital infection by CMV, evoked on the intrauterine growth retardation, organs of the reticulo endothelial and haematological system were reached while nervous system was spared, and CMV PCR was very positive. indicating an antiviral treatment for 6weeks based on ganciclovir.
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PMID:Severe neonatal cytomegalovirus infection: about a case. 2890 89