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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In an attempt to define prognostic indicators of intelligence and seizures in the hemiparetic cerebral palsy population, birth histories, electroencephalograms, and computerized tomographic (CT) scans were reviewed in 52 children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Cases were excluded when the hemiparesis might have been related to events beyond the neonatal period, such as meningitis, trauma, focal seizures, tumor, or vascular insults. Detailed neurological histories and examinations were done in all patients. Intellectual evaluations, electroencephalograms, and CT scans were obtained. There was no significant relationship of birth history to subsequent seizure development or mental retardation. In contrast, findings in electroencephalograms and CT scans correlated well with the development of seizures and abnormal intelligence. Children who shared anatomical abnormalities of commissural pathways, association pathways, or cerebral cortex were found to have a much higher incidence of seizures and abnormal intelligence.
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PMID:Prognostic indicators in hemiparetic cerebral palsy. 722

Two cases of subdural abscess in infant and child treated with irrigation via burr holes were reported. The first case was a 1.4-year-old boy with right hemiparesis and mental retardation since severe head trauma at 9 months old. The patient with manifested with an acute onset of high fever followed by disturbance of consciousness and convulsive seizures 2.5 months prior to admission to our department. During admission in the other hospital, the diagnosis of septicemia caused by E. coli was made by blood cultures when CT scan demonstrated a huge lentiform low density area over the right hemisphere and contralateral crescent low density area. The low density area on the right side was well circumscribed by high density rim which was enhanced by contrast medium. Under the diagnosis of bilateral subdural abscess secondary to septicemia caused by E. coli, irrigation of the purulent cavity was carried out. The contralateral low density area was found to be chronic subdural effusion. The second case of 3-month-old infant who complained of high fever, neck stiffness, unconsciousness and right hemiconvulsions 8 days prior to admission. CT scan showed bilateral crescent low density areas indicating subdural effusion. Subdural punctures performed via the fontanelle revealed pus in the left subdural space and xanthocromic fluid in the right side. The low density area on CT scan was changed to the lentiform high density area circumscribed smooth high density rim during the course of the patient. The subdural abscess was treated with irrigation via burr holes. In this report, the etiology of the subdural abscess and route of infection in addition to follow up study of CT findings were presented with the literature.
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PMID:[Subdural abscess in infant and child (author's transl]. 736 Mar 18

A rare diffuse arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurred in an 11-year-old boy with a 4-year history of transient ischemic attacks and weakness of the left extremities. Postcontrast computed tomography (CT) showed cord-like enhancement in the corpus callosum and pineal region. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated atrophy of the right hemisphere and multiple signal voids in the sulci. Cerebral angiography showed a diffuse AVM fed by the bilateral anterior cerebral and right middle cerebral arteries. The AVM nidus consisted of scattered nidi. Several draining veins appeared as multiple signal voids on MR images. No surgery was possible because of the scattered nidi. Left hemiparesis and mental retardation worsened, with progressive atrophy of the right hemisphere on serial MR images. Follow-up radiological examinations showed that the number of nidi increased, the draining vein enlarged, and the gyri calcified. The gyriform calcification on CT scans strongly resembled that seen in Sturge-Weber syndrome.
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PMID:Progressive diffuse arteriovenous malformation--case report. 768 57

Twenty infants aged 2 weeks to 3 months with the diagnosis of bleeding disorder secondary to low prothrombin complex level were studied. Sixty children of the control group were matched to the cases by age +/- 2 weeks, sex and race. The ratio of boys to girls was 2.3:1. The median, mean, and range of age of the cases and controls were 43.5 days, 43.7 days, 21-73 days and 43.5 days, 46.8 days, 26-28 days respectively. Most of them were pale with a mean hematocrit of 23.55%. The partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were markedly prolonged. The means of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X were 1.10%, 5.87%, 2.86%, and 4.47% of adult activity, respectively. The clinical manifestations related to the bleeding of the cases were drowsiness and convulsion (95%), pallor (85%), and apparent bleeding (10%). The sites of the bleeding were demonstrated in the cranial cavity (95%), gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity (15%), and skin (5%). Nineteen patients with intracranial hemorrhage had bleeding in the subdural space (79%), intracerebral (42%), intraventricular (32%), and subarachnoid space (5.2%). The mortality rate and permanent brain damage occurred in 10% and 45%, respectively. Only 45% of the cases recovered normally. The permanent neurological sequelaes were hemiparesis (44.4%), microcephaly (33.3%), convulsive disorder (33.3%), mental retardation (33.3%), spasticity (22.2%), and hydrocephalus (11.1%). Breast feeding alone up to the day of study (OR = 7.0, p < 0.005) was found to be a significant risk factor for bleeding in these infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors of bleeding diathesis secondary to low prothrombin complex level in infants: a preliminary report. 788 52

We report on a 21-year-old, male patient with unilateral retinal phakomata associated with histologically proved cerebral astrocytoma. The patient had presented with bilateral loss of vision and a left-sided hemiparesis. Ophthalmoscopy showed bilateral optic nerve atrophy, multiple punched-out areas of depigmentation and astrocytic hamartomata in the right eye. Despite the absence of classic signs of Bourneville-Pringle disease such as adenoma sebaceum, epilepsy and mental retardation, a strongly presumptive diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis could be made. This unusual case demonstrates that retinal phakomata can be the solely visible manifestation of Bourneville-Pringle disease.
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PMID:Retinal phakomata associated with cerebral astrocytoma. An incomplete form of Bourneville-Pringle disease? 827 67

A 45-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of generalized seizure. He had epilepsy and mental retardation since age of two. On admission temperature was 37.9 degrees C but, nuchal rigidity and Kernig's sign were not present. There were no other abnormal findings on physical examination. Neurological examination revealed consciousness disturbance, generalized seizure and mental retardation. Right hemiparesis gradually developed after generalized seizure. Laboratory data did not show any abnormalites to induce cerebral venous thrombosis. A brain MRI revealed hyperintensity on T2-weighted images and slightly enhanced on T1-weighted images in the left frontal lobe, using Gd-DTPA. An increased signal was also noted in the superior sagittal sinus on T1-weighted images. The superior sagittal sinus was patent but the cortical vein in the left frontal lobe was not demonstrated on cerebral angiography. A diagnosis of an isolated cortical vein thrombosis was made by exploratory craniotomy. Anticoagulation with heparin was started. Although the cortical vein thrombosis usually co-exsists with dural sinus thrombosis, an isolated cortical vein thrombosis like this case was rather rare. A case with cerebral venous thrombosis localized only in the left frontal cortical vein is reported, but definitive etiology is not known.
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PMID:[A case with an isolated cortical vein thrombosis]. 904 55

Hemimegalencephaly (HME) is an uncommon sporadic nonfamilial congenital dysplastic abnormality of the central nervous system, characterized by enlargement of one cerebral hemisphere, with cranial asymmetry, hemiparesis, epilepsy, and mental retardation. It can occur in isolation or associated with various anomalies, namely skin disorders. The main neuropathologic findings are hemispheric gigantism, macro- and/or micropolygyria, cortical thickening with lack of lamination, blurred boundaries of the gray and white matter, and large ortho- and heterotopic neural cells. The results obtained by morphological investigations carried out on six patients with HME, compared with the findings recorded in similar studies performed on one patient with tuberous sclerosis (TS) and another with pachygyria, allow the authors to (a) confirm the dysplastic nature of HME and its autonomy from TS; (b) demonstrate that ortho- and heterotopic neuronal cells do not differentiate completely during proliferation and migration from the germinal matrix; (c) document, by means of flow cytometric study, a normal euploid DNA content in the enlarged hemisphere, consequently ruling out heteroploidy as a cause of both cell "hypertrophy" and enlargement of the malformed cerebral hemisphere.
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PMID:Hemimegalencephaly. Histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and cytofluorimetric study of six patients. 911 45

We report a case of linear nevus sebaceous syndrome with seizure, mental retardation, and hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrated associated brain malformations of unilateral megalencephaly with cortical dysplasia and white matter change ipsilateral to the sebaceous nevi of the face and neck. Although magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated only distortion of the main cerebral arteries without any occlusive or dysplastic findings, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using [123I]N-Isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) revealed hypoperfusion in the affected cerebral hemisphere.
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PMID:Unilateral megalencephaly in linear nevus sebaceous syndrome: a neuroradiological case report. 913 88

Schizencephaly is a rare disorder of brain development resulting in the formation of abnormal unilateral or bilateral clefts in the cerebral hemispheres. It is often accompanied by partial seizures, mental retardation, and hemiparesis. Two patients are described with clear psychotic symptoms with either unilateral or bilateral schizencephaly. The implications of the association between schizencephaly and psychosis in these patients for understanding the biology of the psychoses are discussed.
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PMID:Schizencephaly associated with psychosis. 932 56

Childhood-onset partial epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplastic lesions (FCDLs) is often severe. A few patients reported with a favorable outcome had a normal neuropsychological examination, and FCDLs were always localized around the opercular region, suggesting that extent and location of the lesion may account for the favorable outcome. We report two patients with extraopercular FCDLs, who had a spontaneous remission of their childhood-onset epilepsy, despite a severe neurological deficit. A 22-year-old girl (patient 1) and a 16-year-old boy (patient 2), began to have partial seizures at the age of 9 years and 1 year respectively. On neurological examination, patient 1 had left hemiparesis and patient 2 had low IQ. Interictal EEG recordings revealed repetitive epileptiform discharges involving the right temporo-parietal or frontal areas in patients 1 and 2 respectively. MRI study showed focal cortical thickening or abnormal gyration located over the right parietal and frontal region respectively in patients 1 and 2, but failed to evidence T2 prolongation in the white matter beneath the dysplastic cortex. Optimal antiepileptic regimen always stopped seizures. Their long-term course was favorable, with remission of the seizures and normalization of EEG recordings, even 4-5 years after medication withdrawal. In conclusion, FCDLs may cause epilepsy with a benign course even in patient with mental retardation or neurological abnormalities. This may be related to a morphologically milder dysplastic lesion than found in patients with FCDLs and severe epilepsy.
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PMID:Spontaneous remission of childhood epilepsy in two patients with focal extraopercular cortical dysplasia. 933 72


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