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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fragile X syndrome is the most common known familial form of mental retardation. Young males commonly demonstrate hyperactivity and a short attention span, as well as physical abnormalities, some of which may lead to a diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Heterozygous females frequently demonstrate both a range of involvement with learning disabilities in math, and social anxiety. The more classical physical and behavioral features of this syndrome are reviewed.
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PMID:Psychopathology in fragile X syndrome. 264 54

Forty children with the following behavior characteristic were selected by observing the attachment behavior between them and their parents at the time of developmental exam in a 18 months' health checkup. The behavior in question is; 18 month old children scurry away from their parent without looking back on parent's calls and without confirming parent's positions. Then all the examined 978 children including the children who had shown the above scurrying away behavior were prospectively followed until before the entry to school. At age six, 6 children were diagnosed of Mental Retardation, 4 of Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and 28 of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Now these results (especially the relationships between this scurrying away behavior at 18 months and ADHD before the entry to school) were analyzed statistically and discussed, then the next conclusions were derived. 1. This scurrying away behavior, especially the behavior without confirming parent's positions, is significantly related to ADHD before the entry to school. 2. This scurrying away behavior is one of the characteristic behaviors at 18 months in ADHD and corresponds to hyperactivity at 18 months. 3. The conduct of throwing a toy block is one of the behaviors that indicates impulsivity at 18 months, when children are requested to hand over a toy block in the developmental exam. 4. Through behavioral observation, ADHDs before the entry to school are categorized to 3 subtypes by presence or absence of this scurrying away behavior at 18 months or by presence or absence of aggressivity before the entry to school. 5. Among the 3 subtypes, the type with this scurrying away behavior and aggressivity before the entry is most necessary to be treated continuously from early childhood. Because it has impulsivity and speech delay since 18 months and untreatable behavioral problems in day nurseries or kindergartens, and therefore it might have Conduct Disorder or Learning Disorder in the future.
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PMID:[Hyperactivity at 18 months of age and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder before entry to school--follow up study from 18 months to 6 years]. 908 45

The present survey determined whether articles describing attempts to alter behavior in people with mental retardation and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (a) reported whether or not participants were receiving medications, (b) evaluated drugs as independent variables, and (c) evaluated (or discussed) interactions between pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. All behavior-change articles published from 1991 through 1995 in 10 major journals were evaluated. In contrast to the results of earlier surveys, nearly 40% of studies involving participants with mental retardation provided information about medication. This change appears to represent a significant methodological improvement. Nearly 60% of articles involving persons with ADHD provided information about medication. Studies of drugs were common when participants were people with ADHD, but not when they were people with mental retardation. The psychopharmacology of mental retardation continues to be a small, but important, research area. Studies examining treatment interactions were rare, regardless of participants' characteristics. Given that pharmacological treatments may alter participants' sensitivity to nonpharmacological interventions, further research in this area is sorely needed.
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PMID:Reporting of medication regimen in applied studies of persons with mental retardation and ADHD. 929 27

Epidemiological studies in Korea on mental illness began about four decades ago by Choi and Yoo. This was followed by more than 25 papers. Interviews by psychiatrists were not randomly selected samples. Consistent diagnostic tools were not used except by Yeon et al. The definition of prevalence was not definite and, therefore, not comparable. The research was confined to major psychoses such as schizophrenia, manic depressive illnesses, mental retardation and epilepsy. Most of the studies were performed in rural areas only. The present study was designed to meet the above described criteria as well as testing the applicability of Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III (DIS-III) in Korea. In order to accomplish those goals the Korean version of DIS-III was constructed and the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was studied both in urban (Seoul) and rural areas.
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PMID:A nationwide epidemiological study of mental disorders in Korea. 989 67

This study on children with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD; N = 32), children with developmental language disorder (N = 22), and normally developing children (N = 28) sought to answer questions concerning attachment and autistic behaviour. We could replicate the finding that children with a PDD are able to develop secure attachment relationships to their primary caregiver. Children with PDD who had an insecure attachment showed fewer social initiatives and responses than children with PDD who had a secure attachment, even when the insecurely and securely attached PDD children were matched on chronological and mental age. Children with both a PDD and mental retardation were more often classified as disorganised. Three findings suggested that a disorganised attachment does not merely reflect the presence of "autistic" behaviour: (1) children with PDD did not reveal higher rates of a disorganised attachment than matched comparison children; (2) having a PDD diagnosis and having a disorganised attachment were found to be associated with opposite effects on an ethological measure of level of behavioural organisation; and (3) a disorganised attachment but not a PDD diagnosis was associated with an increase in heart rate during parting with the caregiver and a decrease in heart rate during reunion.
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PMID:Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: relationship with social interaction and heart rate. 1103 88

We tested whether dimensional measures of empathic ability, theory of mind, and intelligence would differentiate autism spectrum disorders from each other and from non-spectrum disorders. Tests were administered to children with a diagnosis of Autistic Disorder (AutD; n = 20), Asperger's Disorder (AspD; n = 28), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Inattentive Type) (ADHD; n = 35), Mental Retardation (Mild) (MR; n = 34), Anxiety Disorder (AnxD; n = 14), or No Psychological Disorder (NPD; n = 36). Results showed that empathic ability discriminated among groups on the autism spectrum (AutD < AspD < NPD). Because empathic ability is not independent of intelligence (AutD < AspD < NPD on intelligence; MR < ADHD < NPD on empathic ability), both dimensions are necessary to discriminate autism spectrum from non-spectrum disorders. When intelligence is covaried, empathic ability discriminated AutD, but not AspD, from other disorders (AutD < MR < ADHD < NPD = AnxD = AspD).
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PMID:Do autism spectrum disorders differ from each other and from non-spectrum disorders on emotion recognition tests? 1146 82

An abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the MMPI-168(L), modified for use with clients who have moderate or mild mental retardation, was administered to 58 clients, most of whom had co-existing dual psychiatric diagnoses. Another recently developed instrument, the Assessment of Dual Diagnosis (ADD), was administered by interviewing a knowledgeable care giver. Correlations were examined among the raw scores on the 13 ADD scales and T scores of the 13 MMPI-168(L) scales. Contrary to expectations few correlations were found between the scales of the two instruments including scales purported to assess similar psychological constructs. The major exception was the Mania scale of the MMPI-168(L), which correlated moderately well with the Schizophrenia and Dementia scales of the ADD. Client age correlated strongly and negatively with scores on the Conduct Disorder and Sexual Disorder scales of the ADD. Finally, intra-instrument scale correlations were surprisingly large and, from a clinical and diagnostic perspective, meaningful. However, the large number of intra-instrument correlations showed that the scales of both instruments possess considerable overlap, which could make differential diagnosis problematic. It is suggested that it might be necessary to administer both instruments, and carefully consider behavioral history, to accurately diagnose psychiatric disturbances or personality characteristics of individuals with mental retardation.
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PMID:The MMPI-168(L) and ADD in assessing psychopathology in individuals with mental retardation: between and within instrument associations. 1255 65

The performance of two screening instruments for Pervasive Developmental Disorders was studied in the total population of participants with mental retardation between 4 and 18 years (n = 1059) in Friesland, a northern province of the Netherlands. Parents completed the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), staff completed the Scale of Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mentally Retarded Persons (PDD-MRS). The screening instruments were related to the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic for 184 participants. The agreement between ABC and PDD-MRS was fair (kappa = .24). The ABC had a better criterion-related validity compared with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, and the PDD-MRS compared to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. However, related to the clinical classification, both instruments performed equally well. Concluding, the ABC and PDD-MRS partially identify the same cases related to external criteria. In addition, each instrument has its own contribution. Both instruments are valuable in detecting children who are at high risk for PDD.
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PMID:Measuring pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation: a comparison of two screening instruments used in a study of the total mentally retarded population from a designated area. 1471 29

The author addresses issues interfacing neuropsychiatry and psychoanalysis. He recommends psychoanalysis for children with Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Dysfunction in Attention and activity control, Motility control and Perception (DAMP). He attributes its low status in neuropsychiatric treatment recommendations partly to the fact that psychoanalysts do not always declare their specific field of investigation. The scientific community then assumes that psychoanalysis aims to comment on issues outside its field of investigation, e.g. on neurobiological aetiology. The community therefore fails to discern the psychoanalyst's specific task, to help the child express and work through his conscious and unconscious experiences. Clarity on the analyst's part will improve relations with the scientific community and facilitate a relevant comparison of treatment methods. Another reason for neuropsychiatry's negative attitude towards analysis is its unwillingness to accept that unconscious conflict influences behaviour. With theoretical and clinical arguments, the author argues that unconscious factors must be taken in to understand and to treat the child. Countertransference, often cumbersome with neuropsychiatric children, becomes easier to handle if the analyst is clear about his field of investigation. If he sees through simplistic formulations on aetiology, countertransference gets even more manageable. Psychoanalysis can result in considerable intellectual and emotional development, as illustrated by work with a latency boy with DAMP, autism and slight mental retardation. In his psychoanalytic theoretical framework of the case, the author unites ego-psychological formulations with a Bionian conceptualisation of the thought disturbance.
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PMID:Some psychoanalytic viewpoints on neuropsychiatric disorders in children. 1500 97

The interrelationship between the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and clinical classification was studied in 184 children and adolescents with Mental Retardation (MR). The agreement between the ADI-R and ADOS-G was fair, with a substantial difference between younger and older children (5-8 vs. 8+ years). Compared with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) classification of Autistic Disorder (AD) and Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), both instruments measure AD or PDD validly and reliably. Even in low-functioning children the interrelationship between the instruments and the clinical classification was satisfactory. The combination of ADI-R and ADOS-G identifies AD or PDD, as described in the DSM-IV-TR, most appropriately. Both instruments seem to be of great value in the diagnostic process of PDD in children and adolescents with MR.
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PMID:Interrelationship between Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G), Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) classification in children and adolescents with mental retardation. 1516 32


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