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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Empirical literature examining the emotional lives of adults with severe and profound mental retardation is limited. One area to have received attention is mood. It is proposed that the utility of assessment of mood extends beyond psychiatric diagnosis to issues such as the appraisal of quality of life for individuals with limited or no expressive language. Two themes related to the assessment of mood are evident in contemporary literature. First, attempts have been made to clarify presentation of affective disorders, especially depression, and to improve assessment of depressive symptomatology in adults with mental retardation. A review of current methods for assessing depression indicates significant problems with reliability and validity. There is a need to develop appropriate assessment methods for use in relation to adults with severe and profound mental retardation who are unable to self-report and behavioral methodology might be useful in this respect. Second, there is an emerging argument that presentation of depression in adults with mental retardation, particularly in individuals with severe disabilities, includes challenging behaviors, referred to as "atypical symptoms." Methodological and conceptual issues related to this argument warrant closer examination. Finally, it is noted that research drawing on more rigorous methodology is required to interpret the emotional states of individuals with severe and profound mental retardation.
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PMID:The assessment of mood in adults who have severe or profound mental retardation. 1257 71

The psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self Rating Depression Scale were examined. Both tests were administered to 120 adults with mental retardation. Results were analyzed, correlated, and examined with principle component analysis. Findings suggest that the tests have good clinical utility with these persons and that depression may be more severe in people with mental retardation. Characteristics that can be employed in building other behavioral measures of depression for persons with mental retardation were also identified. Results show that there may be a tendency for persons with mental retardation to minimize distress report, further complicating the depression diagnostic process for these persons.
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PMID:Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self Rating Depression Scale in adults with mental retardation. 1262 25

We reported three term or near-term infants with parasagittal infarcts. Their Apgar scores were low and the amniotic fluid was meconium-stained. Resuscitation was necessary immediately after birth, but they were not stuporous and no neurological abnormalities were recognized on admission. They showed metabolic acidosis and transient hypoglycemia, and two showed hematoemesis. Seizures were observed between 2 and 15 h of age in all of them. Electroencephalography demonstrated moderate or severe depression, and CT demonstrated bilateral abnormal low densities in the border zones of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries. Two of them had mental retardation and epilepsy, although the other exhibited normal development. Our infants suggest that neonatal seizures can also occur in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy without apparent neurological abnormalities.
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PMID:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy associated with neonatal seizures without other neurological abnormalities. 1268 4

We assessed depression, anxiety, and relevant cognitions in persons with mental retardation by administering modified versions of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Cognitions Checklist to 46 persons with borderline to moderate mental retardation. Consistent with research with other groups, self-reports of depression and anxiety were highly correlated (r = .74) in these individuals, and cognitions were strong predictors of negative affect. Subscales measuring cognitions related to depression and anxiety were also highly related, limiting the "cognitive-specificity" hypothesis. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses offered mixed support for cognitive-specificity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the cognitive and affective assessment of persons with intellectual limitations.
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PMID:Depression, anxiety, and relevant cognitions in persons with mental retardation. 1270 81

Darier disease (DD) is an uncommon genetic skin disorder, which begins in adolescence or early adult life. This disease is observed more often among men and where the disease course is more severe. Many dermatologists observe in patients with DD neuropsychiatric disorders: psychosis, depression and rare mental retardation. We present familial DD in a mother and her two sons. Men demonstrated a typical onset and course of the disease. The onset of the disease in the 52nd year of age and the skin lesions (more characteristic for the Lyell disease) which occurred suddenly in women, were atypical. Besides skin lesions, mental retardation with a various degree of intensity was observed in all three patients.
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PMID:[Familial Darier disease and mental retardation in mother and her two sons]. 1271 28

BACKGROUND: Psychoacoustics is a fascinating developing field concerned with the evaluation of the hearing sensation as an outcome of a sound or speech stimulus. Neuroaudiology with electrophysiologic testing, records the electrical activity of the auditory pathways, extending from the 8th cranial nerve up to the cortical auditory centers as a result of external auditory stimuli. Central Auditory Processing Disorders may co-exist with mental disorders and complicate diagnosis and outcome. DESIGN: A MEDLINE search was conducted to search for papers concerning the association between Central Auditory Processing Disorders and mental disorders. The research focused on the diagnostic methods providing the inter-connection of various mental disorders and central auditory deficits. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The medline research revealed 564 papers when using the keywords 'auditory deficits' and 'mental disorders'. 79 papers were referring specifically to Central Auditory Processing Disorders in connection with mental disorders. 175 papers were related to Schizophrenia, 126 to learning disabilities, 29 to Parkinson's disease, 88 to dyslexia and 39 to Alzheimer's disease. Assessment of the Central Auditory System is carried out through a great variety of tests that fall into two main categories: psychoacoustic and electrophysiologic testing. Different specialties are involved in the diagnosis and management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders as well as the mental disorders that may co-exist with them. As a result it is essential that they are all aware of the possibilities in diagnostic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable evidence exists that mental disorders may correlate with CAPD and this correlation could be revealed through psychoacoustics and neuroaudiology. Mental disorders that relate to Central Auditory Processing Disorders are: Schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders, Alzheimer's disease, learning disabilities, dyslexia, depression, auditory hallucinations, Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, anorexia and childhood mental retardation. Clinical awareness should be high in order for doctors of the two specialties, psychiatry and otorhinolaryngology-audiology to collaborate.
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PMID:Contribution of psychoacoustics and neuroaudiology in revealing correlation of mental disorders with central auditory processing disorders. 1279 8

The relation between psychiatric symptoms and different types of challenging behaviour in adults with mental retardation was investigated, using an instrument designed for use by non-specialist informants. A sample of 165 persons with mental retardation was surveyed for the presence of psychiatric symptoms, level of mental retardation, and self-injurious and other types of challenging behaviour. Challenging behaviour was associated with increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, especially anxiety and psychosis, less with hypomania, and not with depression. No association between anxiety and self-injurious behaviour was found. An association between psychiatric symptoms and challenging behaviour on a group level is an initial step towards understanding causes of challenging behaviour. Issues remain, like how causation takes place on an individual level, and the nature of psychiatric disorders in persons with severe and profound mental retardation.
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PMID:Prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in adults with mental retardation and challenging behaviour. 1295 Nov 30

Women with Down's syndrome experience early onset of both menopause and Alzheimer's disease. This timing provides an opportunity to examine the influence of endogenous estrogen deficiency, indicated by age at menopause, on risk of Alzheimer's disease. A community-based sample of 163 postmenopausal women with Down's syndrome, 40 to 60 years of age, was ascertained through the New York State Developmental Disability service system. Information from cognitive assessments, medical record review, neurological evaluation, and caregiver interviews was used to establish ages for onset of menopause and dementia. We used survival and multivariate regression analyses to determine the relation of age at menopause to age at onset of Alzheimer's disease, adjusting for age, level of mental retardation, body mass index, and history of hypothyroidism or depression. Women with early onset of menopause (46 years or younger) had earlier onset and increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with women with onset of menopause after 46 years (rate ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.9). Demented women had higher mean serum sex hormone binding globulin levels than nondemented women (86.4 vs 56.6 nmol/L, p = 0.02), but similar levels of total estradiol, suggesting that bioavailable estradiol, rather than total estradiol, is associated with dementia. Our findings support the hypothesis that reductions in estrogens after menopause contribute to the cascade of pathological processes leading to AD.
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PMID:Onset of dementia is associated with age at menopause in women with Down's syndrome. 1452 Jun 53

A review of the literature revealed that there was no adequate assessment instrument available that screens comprehensively for anxiety and depression in persons with mental retardation. The purpose of this research was to develop the Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS), an instrument intended to fill this gap. We developed a preliminary rating scale that included 55 symptom items. We examined the factor structure of these items by an exploratory factor analysis of behavior ratings on 265 individuals. A five-factor solution emerged that was both statistically sound and clinically meaningful. These factors were labeled "Manic/Hyperactive Behavior," "Depressed Mood," "Social Avoidance," "General Anxiety" and "Compulsive Behavior." We validated this solution by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis on ratings of 268 additional individuals. Model fit was acceptable. Internal consistency of the subscales and retest reliability for both the total scale and the subscales was high. Interrater reliability was satisfactory. The validity of the ADAMS was assessed with a clinical sample of 129 individuals with mental retardation who were seen in a psychiatric clinic; this provided additional support for the subscales. The ADAMS appears to be a psychometrically sound instrument for screening anxiety, depression and mood disorders among individuals with mental retardation.
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PMID:Reliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety, depression, and mood among individuals with mental retardation. 1471 31

Differences in depression between Puerto Rican and non-Latina White mothers providing care to their adult child with mental retardation were examined. The focus of this study is on how family problems may mediate the effect of the adult's behavior problems on the mother's level of depressive symptoms and how this process differs across the two groups of mothers. As hypothesized, family problems was a stronger predictor of depressive symptoms for Puerto Rican mothers than for non-Latina White mothers. In addition, Puerto Rican mothers were in poorer physical health, which further accounted for differences in depression between the two groups.
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PMID:Cultural context of caregiving: differences in depression between Puerto Rican and non-Latina White mothers of adults with mental retardation. 1472 97


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