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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Mini Mental State Examination is a useful screen for the detection of cognitive disorders among psychiatric patients. In the absence of a developmental disability, the inability to perform satisfactorily on the Mini Mental State (MMS) (score less than 24) is likely to be related to delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. The mildly retarded or learning disabled should perform satisfactorily (greater than 24) on the MMS but may show impairment with delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. In the absence of a psychiatric disorder, it takes moderate mental retardation (IQ less than 55) or severe reading disability with IQ less than 70 to produce an MMS score of less than 24. The MMS should not be considered a screen for mental retardation, because retarded individuals can function adequately (greater than 24) on the MMS.
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PMID:The Mini Mental State in those with developmental disabilities. 243 89

Deficiency of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is the commonest cause of primary homocystinuria. Homocysteine metabolism is intimately linked with the metabolism of folate, vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and pyridoxine. It is hypothesised that the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric manifestations in homocystinuria, folate and cobalamin deficiencies are related to imbalance neurotransmitters in the CNS through disturbances in the pathways linking the metabolism of homocysteine and these vitamins. Although neuropsychiatric disorders are relatively common among patients with homocystinuria, it is not well recognised as the causative factor among patients presenting with neuropsychiatric disorders. A 31 year old woman presented with a three week history of delirium and inappropriate and labile affect. There was no history suggestive of drug or alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiency or organic disorders. EEG, cerebral CT, MRI and microbiological investigations did not reveal any organic causes. Because of a diagnosis of pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria seven years previously, the possibility of homocystinuria was considered and investigated. Laboratory tests revealed macrocytosis and a high concentration of urinary total homocystine. Commencement of pyridoxine at 400 mg/day resulted in disappearance of homocystine in urine within four days with remarkable clinical improvement. Homocystinuria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained neuropsychiatric disorders in patients who have past or family history of homocystinuria, mental retardation, thromboembolic episodes, vascular diseases or clinical and laboratory features resembling folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiencies. Homocystinuria-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances can easily be treated with pyridoxine in 50% of cases.
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PMID:Homocystinuria and psychiatric disorder: a case report. 1050 67

The article summarizes the 3-year (1998-2000) consulting and treatment experience of a psychotherapeutic unit in one Moscow general hospital. Psychiatrists realized emergent and planned consultations of the mentally-ill patients in all hospital departments, conducted, in addition to general treatment, psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or directed them, on demand, to psychiatric hospitals. For the 3-year period, the psychiatrists have consulted 4685 somatic patients with comorbid mental diseases (5% of the total amount of the patients admitted to the hospital at that period), 1360 patients (29%) being affected with psychotic disorders. One hundred eighty two patients were diagnosed to have schizophrenia, 784--arteriosclerosis and old-age psychosis and dementia, 45--reactive psychosis, 16--epilepsy (disphoria and psychotic episodes), 67--mental retardation with inadequate behavior, 266--delirium of alcoholic and drug addiction genesis. In some cases, usage of psychotropics, in combination with psychotherapy, has resulted in recovery or considerable psychic state improvement in 9.1% of the patients, improvement in 52% ones, insignificant improvement in 36%. In 2.9% of the cases, the effect of treatment has not been achieved.
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PMID:[Psychiatric service in general hospital]. 1191 10

This chapter starts with some remarks on the conceptual history of catatonia, which begins with Kahlbaum and continues with Kraeplin, Bleuler, and Leonhard. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th ed., Text Revision, criteria for catatonia and the multicausal origin of the disorder are discussed. So, not only schizophrenia and mood disorders associated with catatonia, which is the primary form, are introduced but also an extensive list of somatic disorders-resulting in secondary catatonia-along with the work of Gelenberg and Wing. Next, two very difficult cases, of boys with autism, catatonia, and one of them with mental retardation as well, are presented. Major textbooks, PubMed, and Medline were used for a select literature search. The results show the main and really relevant but scarce data concerning primary and secondary catatonia. In the discussion the topics are this dearth in knowledge, the concept of catatonia and its similarities with delirium, and the relation catatonia-autism, and where to find the data. The conclusions summarize the main points and end with a gentle reminder, or is it an appeal?
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PMID:Case reports with a child psychiatric exploration of catatonia, autism, and delirium. 1669 99

Inherited urea cycle disorders represent one of the most common groups of inborn errors of metabolism. Late-onset urea cycle disorders caused by partial enzyme deficiencies may present with unexpected clinical phenotypes. We report 9 patients followed up in our hospital presenting late-onset urea cycle disorders who initially manifested neuropsychiatric/neurodevelopmental symptoms (the most prevalent neuropsychiatric/neurodevelopmental diagnoses were mental retardation, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], language disorder, and delirium). Generally, these clinical pictures did not benefit from pharmacological treatment. Conversely, dietary treatment improved the symptoms. Regarding biochemical data, 2 patients showed normal ammonium but high glutamine levels. This study highlights the fact that neuropsychiatric/neurodevelopmental findings are common among the initial symptomatology of late-onset urea cycle disorders. The authors recommend that unexplained or nonresponsive neuropsychiatric/neurodevelopmental symptoms appearing during childhood or adolescence be followed by a study of ammonia and amino acid plasmatic levels to rule out a urea cycle disorder.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric manifestations in late-onset urea cycle disorder patients. 1968 5

Coprophagia or the ingestion of feces, considered to be a variant of pica, has been associated with medical disorders like seizure disorders, cerebral atrophy, and tumors and with psychiatric disorders like mental retardation, alcoholism, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, fetishes, delirium, and dementia. But entomophagy or the practice of eating live or dead insects as food by humans has only been reported as part of eating habits by some cultures in the world and not in association with any medical or neuropsychiatric disorders. Till date, there is no report in medical literature of entomophagy as an association with any neuropsychiatric or medical illnesses. Coprophagy and entomophagy has not been together reported as well. We describe the first ever case report of a 19-year- old male patient diagnosed with undifferentiated schizophrenia and associated with both entomophagy and coprophagy. His schizophrenic symptoms, the entomophagic, coprophagic behaviors improved with olanzapine therapy. Entomophagy and coprophagy, two very unusual human behaviors, can be seen in association with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Entomophagy and coprophagy in undifferentiated schizophrenia. 2193 94

The novel pandemic (pdm) influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus caused an epidemic of critical illness, with some patients developing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pdm H1N1 2009 infection has been reported to cause fatal encephalopathy and myocarditis as well as pneumonia. To investigate the actual characteristics of the encephalopathy associated with pdm H1N1 2009 infection in Japan, questionnaires were distributed and information collected on 207 cases of encephalopathy during one season. The results of the survey showed that encephalopathy was reported predominantly in males. The outcome was recorded in 188 of the 207 cases; 16 of 188 patients (8.5%) died, while 23 (12.2%) had sequelae. Serious cases were distributed across all age groups. Febrile convulsion was noted at a higher rate in medical past-history in cases without sequelae (40 of the 149 cases; 27%) than in serious cases. In contrast, pre-existing epilepsy and mental retardation were observed more frequently in serious cases. Twelve cases exhibited biphasic seizures; one-half of these had sequelae, but none was fatal. Ten cases were accompanied by high cytokine levels, and three of these children died. Among the 149 cases with good outcomes, 29 of 116 cases (25%) showed abnormalities on MRI, and 14 of these demonstrated reversible splenial lesions. Abnormal behaviors, especially delirium and visual hallucinations, were observed more frequently in cases without sequelae. In conclusion, pdm H1N1 2009 infection-associated encephalopathy was a critical disease in children, with rapidly progressive characteristics similar to those of seasonal influenza-associated encephalopathy.
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PMID:National survey of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009-associated encephalopathy in Japanese children. 2271 42