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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Historical developments leading to the enactment of nursing home reform legislation (P.L. 100-203) were discussed. The results of the nursing home component of a nationwide University of Illinois at Chicago study of public mental retardation/developmental disabilities spending were also presented. Approximately 51,000 individuals with mental retardation and related conditions resided in nursing homes in 1989. The cost of their care was approximately $900 million annually. Within the first 12 months of the enactment of P.L. 100-203, 46 states had requested an extension to the original mandated services deadline imposed under that legislation. Under P.L. 100-203 guidelines, state agencies estimated that nearly 40% of all nursing home residents with mental retardation might need to be relocated to alternative settings. Implementation issues were also discussed.
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PMID:Historical and contemporary issues in nursing home reform. 221 40

Fragile X syndrome is the most important X-linked etiology of mental retardation and developmental disability currently known. Accumulating evidence also indicates that male and female carriers of the fragile X genetic abnormality demonstrate a relatively specific pattern of psychiatric disturbance. Fragile X males frequently manifest behaviors from the autistic spectrum whereas females show dysfunction in social interaction, thought processes, and affective regulation. In this review, an overview of the fragile X syndrome is presented with a focus on the occurrence of particular neuropsychiatric characteristics in males and females. Relevant data from recent genetic and neurobiological research is also described. The ability to study individuals with a specific genetic cause of psychopathology such as fragile X syndrome makes this condition of particular interest to biological psychiatry.
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PMID:Fragile X syndrome. 240 14

The neurodevelopmental examination is a pediatric approach to developmental diagnosis that relies on evaluation of multiple streams of development. The value of the neurodevelopmental examination for the early diagnosis of cerebral palsy and mental retardation was studied by a retrospective analysis of prospectively (longitudinally) collected data. Both conditions were found to be accurately diagnosed in the first year of life. For cerebral palsy, sensitivity was 0.81 and specificity 1.00; for mental retardation, sensitivity was 0.56 and specificity 0.96. The trained pediatrician can make early diagnoses of developmental disabilities.
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PMID:The diagnostic value of the neurodevelopmental examination. 240 6

Results of an analysis of 50 years of federal government spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities were summarized. Spending for services and income maintenance grew rapidly from the early 1950s through fiscal year (FY) 1981. Since FY 1981, total federal spending for mental retardation has plateaued. Federal support for research and training has declined steadily since the early 1970s. The lack of support for research and training imperils the achievement of national objectives in prevention of retardation and integration of retarded individuals into community settings.
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PMID:From Roosevelt to Reagan: federal spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities. 242 Jan 79

A study of public spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities in fiscal years 1977 through 1984 reveals that combined state and federal government spending grew by 23 percent despite diminished growth in federal spending after passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. Combined state and federal expenditures for community services grew by 40 percent, primarily because of an unprecedented rise in state spending. Total state and federal spending for institutional services plateaued, as a 26 percent drop in state appropriations was offset by an infusion of federal dollars, mostly through the Intermediate Care Facilities for the Mentally Retarded program. Federal, state, and local expenditures in fiscal 1984, estimated to total $16.49 billion, are assessed, and future trends in the financing of institutional and community services in the U.S. are discussed.
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PMID:Governmental spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities, 1977-1984. 242 19

It has not been determined whether severity of handicap or other associated factors are more important in determining the age of presentation for developmental disabilities. The relationship between age at presentation and referral source, presenting complaint, diagnosis, and associated factors (medical illness, motor signs, or behavioral disturbances) was examined in 738 consecutive children referred for developmental evaluation during 1982-1983. The nature of the complaint or diagnosis (motor, language, behavioral, or educational) was a far better predictor of age of presentation than the severity of the disorder. The degree of mental retardation did not affect age of presentation. Behavior problems did not affect the age of presentation for school failure or learning disability, but were associated with later presentation for motor delay, language delay, communication disorder, and within all IQ groups. The association of topography of handicap rather than severity with age of presentation should be considered when establishing or evaluating efforts at early identification of developmental disability.
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PMID:Age of presentation in developmental disability. 243 9

The Mini Mental State Examination is a useful screen for the detection of cognitive disorders among psychiatric patients. In the absence of a developmental disability, the inability to perform satisfactorily on the Mini Mental State (MMS) (score less than 24) is likely to be related to delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. The mildly retarded or learning disabled should perform satisfactorily (greater than 24) on the MMS but may show impairment with delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. In the absence of a psychiatric disorder, it takes moderate mental retardation (IQ less than 55) or severe reading disability with IQ less than 70 to produce an MMS score of less than 24. The MMS should not be considered a screen for mental retardation, because retarded individuals can function adequately (greater than 24) on the MMS.
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PMID:The Mini Mental State in those with developmental disabilities. 243 89

A survey of state agencies responsible for developmental disabilities/mental retardation and child welfare investigated the coordination of services for children with developmental disabilities. Recommendations are offered with regard to further research and model program development.
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PMID:Children with developmental disabilities in the child welfare system: a national survey. 247 4

The majority of children with symptomatic HIV infection present with a variety of neurodevelopmental impairments, including mental retardation and motor abnormalities. Their clinical courses vary widely, with some infants showing progressive deterioration during the first year of life whereas some children follow a static course until adolescence. Rehabilitative services must be established to meet the complex needs of this growing population of children with developmental disabilities.
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PMID:Developmental problems in children with HIV infection. 247 8

The vocational development of 547 disabled students in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany was compared with a group of able bodied students in the U.S. on the Goldberg Scale of Vocational Development (GSVD), measuring plans, realism, initiative, work values, commitment, and occupational awareness. The students were classified into 8 groups, and covaried by age. The average scores from high to low on vocational development were: able bodied, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart, orthopedic, facial burns, delinquent, developmental disability, learning or mental retardation. The German students made plans specifically tailored to training courses whereas the American students made more varied and open ended plans with higher aspirations for the future. All 7 disabled groups scored lower than the able bodied group, with only the cystic fibrosis group approaching normality.
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PMID:A comparative study of vocational development of able bodied and disabled persons. 253 Nov 24


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