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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Developmental disability, particularly mental retardation, both affects a person's cognitive functioning and places that person on an alternative track of development which, when combined with social, political and economic pressures, places the developmentally disabled person at increased risk for mental illness. The presenting symptoms of mental illness will be modified by the mentally retarded person's cognitive impairment, personality development, and massively different life experience, as will the nature of his interactions with helping agencies. Evaluation, diagnosis and treatment must evolve from an alliance with the mentally retarded persons, not with caretaking agencies, and must be modified to take into account the retarded person's powerlessness. The therapist must be prepared to act as both advocate and bridge-builder for the patient, with the patient's increasing participation. The therapist must be prepared to steer between the Scylla of ignorance about the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in the mentally retarded and the Charybdis of financial disincentives for human service agencies to collaborate in their care. The advantages of inter-agency cooperation in the treatment of dually-diagnosed individuals is described and illustrated.
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PMID:Issues in the treatment of mentally retarded patients in the community mental health system. 382 6

Object--The aim of this investigation was in the first place to study the relation between mental retardation and other mental disturbances. The second aim was to study the frequency of severe and mild mental retardation in an adult Swedish population and to throw some light on the socio-medical situation of the adult mentally retarded. Methods--A primary sample, stratified with respect to population density, was extracted from the population in the age group 20-60 years, resident in Kopparberg County, Sweden, on 1 July 1977. The mildly and severely mentally retarded in this sample were identified. Enquiry was made into the presence of additional handicaps in the mentally retarded. Social conditions including alcohol consumption and the occurrence of abuse and criminality were studied in the two retarded groups and a control group representing the rest of the population. The three groups were compared by rating with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), by classification of any mental illness present according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) and by determining their intake of psychotropic drugs and anti-epileptics. The mildly mentally retarded and the control group were also compared with respect to neuroticism and extraversion-introversion by rating with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Results--The study revealed a prevalence of 0.27% for severe (IQ less than 53) and 0.32% for mild (IQ 53-73.7) mental retardation in the age group 20-60 years. All the severely retarded, but only just over half the mildly retarded, were known to the care authority. The majority of the former were living in some form of institution, whereas this applied to only 15% of the mildly retarded. Nineteen per cent of the severely retarded and 4% of the mildly retarded had manifest epilepsy. Defects of movement and of hearing were most prominent among the mildly retarded, while the frequency of specific speech disturbances was greater among the severely retarded, approximately 10% of whom had no power of verbal communication. Visual defects were recorded in about one-third of both groups. The study showed that alcohol intake was lower among both the severely and mildly mentally retarded than among the persons in the control group and that the frequency of abuse and criminality was as high among persons of higher intelligence as among the mentally retarded. The severely retarded, particularly the men, showed a raised psychiatric morbidity as compared with the mildly retarded and the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychiatric illness among the mentally retarded. A swedish population study. 389 45

Fragile X (or Martin-Bell) syndrome, a common, genetic, mental retardation disorder is increasingly being recognized as a major cause of cognitive disability and psychiatric illness in boys. Here, we present a study in which relatives in 4 generations of a large family with the fra(X) chromosome were given comprehensive psychiatric evaluations in order to further describe the psychopathology associated with this condition. Three of 4 males with the fra(X) chromosome were found to have autistic behavior. An adult fra(X) male had a chronic schizoaffective disorder and mental retardation. In female relatives, a relationship was found between the fra(X) carrier status and psychopathology including schizoaffective and major affective disorders.
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PMID:Psychiatric disability associated with the fragile X chromosome. 395 57

302 mentally retarded adults, sampled by epidemiological criteria, were examined with regard to epilepsy and psychiatric disorder. Each of the complications was frequent and related to degree and origin of mental retardation. In 55 (18.2%) epilepsy had occurred at some time during their lives, in 25 (8.3%) of these in the past year. In 52% of persons with seizures in the past year a present state psychiatric diagnosis was established, compared to 26% in those without seizures. The nature of the combination of epilepsy and psychiatric disorder is complex, but in the mentally retarded most often reflecting underlying brain pathology in the form of widespread cortical and subcortical cerebral damage causing epilepsy of generalised or mixed type, and predominantly interictal psychiatric disorders unrelated in time to seizures and dominated by behaviour problems.
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PMID:Epilepsy and psychiatric disorder in the mentally retarded adult. 408 60

Systematic psychometric evaluations were performed in 16 patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD). All patients received the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and Wechsler Memory Scale-1. In addition, 13 patients received the Reitan-Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery (R-H), including the Aphasia Screening Test. Despite the high reported incidence of mental retardation in MMD, none of our pilot population showed mental retardation. However, 5 of the 13 patients showed evidence of possible organic mental dysfunction on the R-H. Problems in previous studies which could explain these discrepancies include the following: (1) small sample size, (2) studies limited to young children, and (3) a complete lack of systematic psychometric data in the previous reports. Systematic cooperative studies are suggested to elucidate the degree and type of cognitive involvement in MMD.
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PMID:Psychometric evaluation in myotonic muscular dystrophy. 647 87

Beta activity of 30-40 hz is rarely encountered, and has been reported to be more common in retarded individuals and those with psychiatric disorders. Of 3752 records in 1982-83, 0.8 percent demonstrated beta activity of 30 hz or faster, with a disproportionate representation of psychiatric symptoms and mental retardation in comparison with the general EEG referral population. No other specific correlations were evident, but the activity also occurred in neurologically and psychiatrically normal individuals. Although these findings may imply an association between very fast beta activity and psychiatric illness or mental subnormality, that association may be spurious or nonspecific in view of the small and heterogenous population demonstrating this type of beta activity. Controversy concerning very fast beta activity, as well as other infrequent or controversial patterns, may be lessened by application of spectral analysis and statistical techniques which are increasingly available for clinical EEG studies.
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PMID:Clinical correlates of very fast beta activity in the EEG. 651 60

The principal reason for this epidemiological study was the lack of psychiatric morbidity studies in a predominantly urban population, by psychiatrists in direct interviews. The psychiatric examination, covering 1970-71, included a representative selection of 2,283 persons, 18-65 years old from "former" Stockholm County, and the 12-month prevalence of mental disorders was measured. The total of non-participants was 12%. Forty-seven percent had a psychiatric diagnosis - significantly more women (54%) than men (40%). Excluding the psychosomatic diagnoses, 31% of the population received a psychiatric diagnosis, which agrees closely with other contemporary studies of mental disorder in the Nordic countries. The primary diagnoses were: neuroses 26%, psychosomatic diagnoses 16%, schizophrenic/paranoid conditions or other psychoses 0.6%, affective disorders 0.2%, psychoorganic syndromes 1.2%, psychopathy 0.2%, character neurosis 1%, drug dependence 0.2% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 0.6%), alcoholism 1.4% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 3.1%) and mental retardation 0.4% (as a primary or a secondary diagnosis 0.8%).
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PMID:Prevalence of mental disorder in an urban population in central Sweden. 661 Oct 17

Adolescents aged 12-15 years, randomly selected from a psychiatric outpatient clinic, psychiatric consultation service, and general pediatric outpatient clinic, were given a complete psychiatric evaluation and structured diagnostic interview. Of 121 subjects studied, 100 satisfied Rutter and associates' criteria for a childhood psychiatric disorder. When these subjects were rediagnosed according to Feighner and associates' research diagnostic criteria (similar to DSM-III criteria), 52 fulfilled the criteria for an adult disorder. Diagnoses included antisocial personality, hysteria, schizophrenia, depression, mental retardation, anxiety neurosis, and undiagnosed psychiatric illness. There was a correlation between diagnosis according to Rutter and associates' criteria and adult diagnosis.
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PMID:Adult psychiatric disorders in psychiatrically ill young adolescents. 665 Jun 88

As holoprosencephaly without chromosome defect may be associated with other CNS-related anomalies such as mental retardation, mental illness, facial paralysis, endocrine disorders, deafness, spina bifida, and myelomeningocele, we present a family in which one girl had a myelomeningocele, a brother had orbital hypotelorism, facial and cerebral asymmetries, cerebral palsy, abducens paralysis, and inner ear deafness. A 3rd pregnancy was terminated at 16 weeks; the fetus had cyclopia. A common cause is discussed in these cases and in those families in which holoprosencephaly and additional malformations occur among different generations.
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PMID:Occurrence of cyclopia, myelomeningocele, deafness, and abducens paralysis in siblings. 680 90

Questionnaires were sent to the tuberculosis control officers in 50 states to determine the current use of general hospitals and sanatoriums for patients with tuberculosis. Replies were received from 46 states; 4 states supplied information by telephone. Fifteen states reported using both general hospitals and specialized hospitals for treatment of tuberculosis in 1980. The most common reason for the continued use of a state-operated facility for patients with tuberculosis was the lack of funds to pay for care in general hospitals. Average length of stay in general hospitals was 21 days or less; in specialized facilities, it was 60 to 90 days. The specialized hospitals usually combined care for patients with mental illness, mental retardation, other chest or chronic diseases, and tuberculosis. With one exception, there were no plans to close any of the remaining specialized facilities. No significant problems with respect to care of patients with known tuberculosis in general hospitals were documented.
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PMID:Current status of general hospital use for patients with tuberculosis in the United States: eight-year update. 710 53


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