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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An epidemiological survey of mental health of Japanese regular public school children was performed using both Rutter's teacher's and parent's questionnaires as a screening instrument and a diagnostic interview as a definitive method. A total of 592 junior high and elementary school children, average age 13.2 years old and ranging from 10 to 15 years old, were examined in the preliminary survey. Purposes were to study survey methodology and to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. In part 1, the Japanese version of Rutter's questionnaire was found to be satisfactory for screening, and the diagnostic interview by pediatricians in this survey was shown to be a reliable tool for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of the adolescent. In the present study, psychiatric disorder prevalence and characteristics were studied. The 592 school children were divided into 3 groups by the Rutter's questionnaires: 1) 55 positive children by Rutter's method, 2) 424 negative children having no risk factors by Rutter's method, 3) 112 negative children by Rutter's method having some risk factors such as "school problems", "visits to school nurse", and "not being liked by peers". All of the 55 positive children and 144 children randomly selected from the negative group were interviewed and diagnosed by pediatricians, and estimates of prevalence rates for mental disorder were determined for the 3 children groups. It was 51% in the positive group, 11% in the negative group having no risk factors, and 25% in the negative group having some risk factors. Thus, the prevalence rate for the total group of 591 children was 17%, with one case of mental retardation being excluded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders of Japanese school children. Part 2. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in school children]. 213 76

The Birmingham Special Needs Register, a computerized database, was used to examine the disabilities of, and the use of psychoactive (psychotropic and antiepileptic) drugs among 1825 people over the age of 20 with mental retardation. People living in three different types of residential setting (hospitals, community residential facilities and family homes) were compared. The prevalence of physical disability, impaired communication and incontinence was highest among people resident in hospital, followed by those living with their families. People resident in community residential facilities were the least disabled group. Psychotropic drugs prescribed to alter behaviour were used most frequently in hospitals (prescribed for 40.2% of people), followed by community residential facilities (19.3%). Use was lowest in family homes (10.1%). Most hospital residents who received medication to alter behaviour did not have a diagnosed psychiatric disorder. The reported prevalence of behaviour disorders among the three populations was not significantly different. Drugs for epilepsy were prescribed for 26.2% of hospital residents, 9.3% of people in community residential facilities and 18.5% of people living with their families.
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PMID:Psychotropic drugs and mental retardation: 1. Disabilities and the prescription of drugs for behaviour and for epilepsy in three residential settings. 226 49

Distributions of psychiatric classifications among 42,479 persons with mental retardation were reviewed to determine whether relative rates of disorders for persons with both mental retardation and a mental disorder resembled those identified in other studies. Analyses conducted separately for children, adults, by sex, and by intellectual level indicated that rates of reported schizophrenic and psychotic disorders were generally higher than expected relative to rates of personality disorders, affective disorders, anxiety and phobic disorders, and behavior disorders. Factors that may have affected relative rates of identification were noted, and the need to develop more adequate assessment methodologies and conduct valid studies of population samples was underscored.
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PMID:Do some mental disorders occur less frequently among persons with mental retardation? 234 Jan 37

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

The Mini Mental State Examination is a useful screen for the detection of cognitive disorders among psychiatric patients. In the absence of a developmental disability, the inability to perform satisfactorily on the Mini Mental State (MMS) (score less than 24) is likely to be related to delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. The mildly retarded or learning disabled should perform satisfactorily (greater than 24) on the MMS but may show impairment with delirium, dementia, or affective disorders. In the absence of a psychiatric disorder, it takes moderate mental retardation (IQ less than 55) or severe reading disability with IQ less than 70 to produce an MMS score of less than 24. The MMS should not be considered a screen for mental retardation, because retarded individuals can function adequately (greater than 24) on the MMS.
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PMID:The Mini Mental State in those with developmental disabilities. 243 89

This article describes a group of 10 hospitalized, mentally retarded patients with rapid cycling affective disorders, including details of demography, pattern of illness, and response to an open trial of treatment with lithium and/or carbamazepine. Family histories of these patients revealed high rates of mental illness, including affective disorder and mental retardation. Men had an earlier onset of affective illness and rapid cycling than did women. Half of the patients showed partial or complete improvement on lithium alone or in combination with carbamazepine; those who responded to the combined treatment had more episodes of affective illness per year than those who did not. Rates of response to treatment and some clinical characteristics of these patients were similar to those of non-mentally retarded rapid cycling patients.
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PMID:Rapid cycling affective disorders in the mentally retarded. 250 Sep 90

Mental illness affected 23 (33%) of the 69 patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF-1) who were the primary subjects of this report. Moderately severe or severe mental illness, that is, grade 2 and 3 according to the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), was found in 15 of the 69 patients (22%). The 23 mentally ill patients did not show any uniform clinical psychiatric syndrome. The most commonly occurring psychiatric diagnoses were depressive syndrome, anxiety state with vegetative dysfunction and organic brain syndrome. There was a significant positive relation between depressive syndrome and organic brain syndrome according to the CPRS rating. Half of the 69 patients complained of mental symptoms in the form of hostile feelings and autonomic disturbances and these were the most frequent psychiatric symptoms; they were also frequent among patients without mental illness. Other common symptoms were sleep difficulties, tiredness, and aches and pains. Among patients with NF-1 there was a significantly positive relation between mental illness and mental retardation, but no significant positive relation between mental illness and physical severity of NF-1. Patients with mental illness also showed a significantly increased frequency of positive neurological findings indicating central nervous manifestations of NF-1.
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PMID:Neurofibromatosis in Gothenburg, Sweden. III. Psychiatric and social aspects. 251 61

In this study, a clinical evaluation was carried out for all patients who were at or beyond 20 years of age and known to the health services as cases of neurofibromatosis (NF) and who were resident in Gothenburg, Sweden, as of January 1, 1978. The approach of the study was clinical, with emphasis on the general somatic, psychiatric and genetic aspects of NF. The patients included in the study were ascertained by scrutiny of all available archives of medical records in the area, and by requests to every doctor in the city of Gothenburg to report any possible case of NF known to him or her. This search identified 74 patients with NF living in Gothenburg on the census day. All but 3 of these patients had definite von Recklinghausen NF (NF-1). This represents a prevalence of 1 case of NF in 4,600 adults, which must be considered a minimum frequency estimate. The 74 patients included 35 women with a mean age of 46 (+/- 17) years and 39 men with a mean age of 43 (+/- 14) years. The prevalence of NF was highest in the age range of 40-50 years, while it was significantly reduced in the ages above this range, most probably owing to an excess mortality. Sixty-nine of the original seventy-four patients were personally interviewed and examined, including the 3 without definite NF-1. The patients were classified according to the degree of severity of NF into three categories: mild, moderate and severe. The number of patients in each groups was, respectively, 18, 43 and 13. A detailed description of each patient's pigmentary abnormalities and neurofibromas (number, appearance and localization) was recorded. Findings of osseous dysplastic changes (12-16%), endocrine changes (pheochromocytoma, 3%), malignant disease (sarcoma, 4%), epilepsy (3%) and other somatic diseases were also recorded. Mild mental retardation was present in 45% of the patients. The mental retardation did not appear progressive, and severe retardation was not found. Mental illness occurred in 23 (33%) patients, defined as mild in 8, moderate in 7 and severe in 8. No uniform psychiatric syndrome was found. Depressive syndrome, anxiety state with vegetative dysfunction and organic brain syndrome were most frequently observed. Hostile feelings and autonomic disturbances were the most common symptoms, each found in 50% of all patients. The frequency of abnormal neurological findings, presumably indicating manifestations of NF-1 in the central nervous system, was significantly increased among the patients with mental illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurofibromatosis in Gothenburg, Sweden. I. Background, study design and epidemiology. 251 25

Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for persons with disabilities. Increased involvement in exercise programmes, competitive sports and fitness activities has led to further inquiry into the broader concepts of performance, prevention of further deterioration of a given disability, maintenance for activities of daily living, and overall well-being. This paper reviews the literature on 3 categories of disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness and selected physical disabilities, in order to determine the role of exercise and fitness programmes in each. Despite problems in research design, sampling procedures, instrument validity, and delineation of fitness components, there is growing support for the premise that physical exercise has a role to play in breaking the debilitative cycle. Although the research indicates that physical activity can serve as a potential non-pharmacological adjunct therapy for persons with physical disabilities, there is still a need for well-controlled studies to quantify the individualization of exercise programming.
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PMID:Exercise and fitness for persons with disabilities. 252 70

As part of a program to assess the needs of patients in a state hospital scheduled to be closed, a psychiatrist provided consultation for 101 chronically ill patients, including formulation of a principal diagnosis by DSM-III-R criteria. Compared with earlier diagnoses made by the hospital, the consultant diagnosed fewer cases of schizophrenia and more cases of organic mental disorders, affective syndromes, and mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders. The largest numbers of patients no longer diagnosed as schizophrenic received diagnoses of psychosis not otherwise specified, with further assessment recommended, or organic mental disorder. The author believes consultation programs like this one can help state hospital staff take a fresh look at long-term patients and can provide useful experience for psychiatric residents who assist with such consultations.
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PMID:Diagnostic consultation to a state hospital. 259 85


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