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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Continuing progress has been made in the exploration of the biochemical causes of mental illness. Recent research has indicated that selected abnormalities of specific isoenzymes play an important role in the pathogenesis of heritable metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria and Niemann-Pick disease. The roles of "animal lectins" and glycosidic enzymes in brain development and synaptogenesis appear to have received important substantiation within the past year. In additions, it has been shown that the blood-brain barrier can be temporarily altered so that exogenous enzymes can enter the central nervous system, and imperative consideration for enzyme replacement therapy in mental disorders. Less satisfactory progress has been made concerining potential anabolic disorders of lipids affecting the nervous system. Finally, novel experimental directions concerning energy metabolism by the brain offer considerable hope for the elucidation of some of the causes of mental retardation.
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PMID:Inherited metabolic diseases and pathogenesis of mental retardation. 10 26

Folk concepts for mental disorder were studied among rural Lao people. While predominatly inferring etiology (e.g. spirit-caused disorder), certain terms also emphasized particular descriptive psychopathology or behavioral abnormality. Preventive strategies were stressed for insanity due to "excessive worry' or "broken taboo'. These broad folk categories of disorder bore considerable similarity to some psychiatric and neurologic categories within medicine. These includes psychosis, mania, neurosis, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and childhood autism. Lao folk terms for mental disorder also closely resembled those of other southern Asian cultures, although illiterate tribal peoples appeared to have fewer terms than literate peasant peoples. Folk terms from more distant regions had broad similarity to those of southeast Asia, but lacked the specificity found within the region.
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PMID:Folk concepts of mental disorder among the Lao: continuities with similar concepts in other cultures and in psychiatry. 52 21

Cytogenetic examination of a 14-year-old severely retarded girl revealed a karyotype of 47 chromosomes with an extra bisatellited chromosome, a translocation between No. 22 and a chromosome in the D group. The girl had presented an early autistic syndrome beginning about 6 months of age during plastering for a congenital luxation of the hips and receding from the age of 5. In addition, she was hyperkinetic with various aggressive and auto-aggressive traits and had atypical minor epileptic fits. Data from child psychiatric examinations at 5 and 14 years are presented. The importance of giving parents information as early as possible about biological causes of mental retardation and mental illness is stressed.
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PMID:A case report of an autistic girl with an extra bisatellited marker chromosome. 57 14

Four hundred "new" long-stay patients were studied and assessments of their needs for treatment and accommodation were made. About one third appeared to need further care in hospital. A further third could possibly be discharged if suitable accommodation in the community were available: most of this group were more handicapped than present residents in hostels. The remaining third had diverse needs; many were multiply handicapped--for example, by physical disability or mental retardation in addition to psychiatric disorder. At the moment the psychiatric hospital is virtually the only agency to accept the care of such people.
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PMID:"New" long-stay psychiatric patients: a national sample survey of fifteen mental hospitals in England and Wales 1972/3. 82 22

The mortality in mental illness has been studied after an average follow-up period of 3-4 decades in a material of 5661 former in-patients of the Psychiatric University Hospital of Lausanne (Switzerland), from which 3520 probands were dead at the date of reference. By use of an improved method, the calculations showed in all diagnostic groups, and generally more marked in women than in men, a 1,34 to 9,72 times higher mortality than in the general population, increasing in the following order: head injuries, psychogenic and psychopathic disorders, manic syndromes, schizophrenia, depressions, mental retardation, alcoholisme, other psychosis, epilepsy, general paralysis, other cerebro-organic conditions. Several possible explanations of these results are discussed.
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PMID:[Comparative study of long-term mortality in the mentally ill]. 98 72

Thirty families were studied to determine genetic and evnironmental factors involved in holoprosencephaly. Those with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Many factors appear to cluster in proband families, such as mental retardation, mental illness, endocrine disorders, increased twinning and poverty level socioeconomic status. The empiric recurrence risk was 6%. Among 7 with lobar holoprosencephaly, there were 3 females and 4 males, while there were 19 females and 6 males with alobar holoprosencephaly.
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PMID:Holoprosencephaly: birth data, benetic and demographic analyses of 30 families. 122 33

Increasingly, human genes are being identified by the "reverse genetics", or "positional cloning" approach. This molecular genetic strategy is particularly useful in mental illness, for which no readily detectable functional alterations are present to indicate candidate genes. The positional cloning procedure is briefly described. Significant examples of successful positional cloning are presented, including the fragile-X mental retardation syndrome gene. The study of gene expression may be complicated by genetic and non-genetic variability. Genomic imprinting may play a role in several mental illnesses, and may provide an explanation for the unusual inheritance pattern in fragile-X syndrome, for the phenotypic differences observed between Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes, and for the juvenile onset form of Huntington disease. DNA instability may explain disease anticipation in fragile-X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy. Finally, the prospects of improvements in positional cloning methods for tracking genes responsible for mental illness are briefly discussed.
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PMID:Tracking disease genes by reverse genetics. 149 55

The incidence of carbamazepine-associated behavioral side effects in 65 individuals with mental retardation and additional seizure and/or psychiatric or behavioral disorders was evaluated. We identified 6 patients (9.2%) who experienced medication side effects, ranging from irritability to mania. Four of the 20 patients (20%) who received carbamazepine purely for treatment of a behavioral or psychiatric disorder experienced medication side effects, whereas none of the 21 patients treated for an isolated seizure disorder experienced similar effects. This difference was statistically significant, p less than .05. The incidence of behavioral side effects of medication was not associated with age, sex, or serum carbamazepine level. The chemical structure and mechanism of carbamazepine use in various disease processes were discussed.
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PMID:Adverse behavioral effects in individuals with mental retardation and mood disorders treated with carbamazepine. 156 12

Mentally retarded Australians with emotional and behavioural disorders are seriously under-served by psychiatrists, despite such individuals being as prevalent as those with schizophrenia. These disorders have serious consequences for the individual, family and carers, and the community as a whole. In the psychiatric assessment of mentally retarded persons, a key principle is that while intellectual handicap increases vulnerability to psychiatric illness, it does not of itself cause psychopathology. A biopsychosocial framework provides a model whereby those factors which are contributing to psychopathology can be systematically elucidated. Biological factors include brain pathology associated with particular mental retardation syndromes, drug side-effects and epilepsy. Psychological factors include temperament, a history of abuse, and current life stresses. Social factors include distortions in family roles and hostel or workshop conflicts. Although clinical assessment can be challenging, and confident syndrome diagnosis is not always possible, a systematic approach to the analysis of symptoms will provide a guide to useful interventions.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of psychiatric symptoms in mentally retarded individuals. 164 28

Although traditional diagnostic criteria are accepted for use with mentally retarded persons, diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in this population is often complicated by clinicians' ignoring or underestimating such disorders and by patients' communication problems. The revision of DSM-III and changes in policies of third-party payers have sensitized clinicians to the presence of psychopathology among mentally retarded persons. The authors discuss the relationship between mental illness and mental retardation and review recent research on the diagnosis of specific psychiatric disorders in these patients. Some problems, such as behavioral disruptiveness, psychoses, and phobias, are more prevalent among mentally retarded persons than among other populations, whereas other problems, such as alcoholism and suicide, may be less common.
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PMID:Mental retardation and psychiatric illness. 158 14


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