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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A high incidence of minor physical anomalies in a childhood schizophrenic population has been previously reported by Goldfarb. In the present study, 108 boys from four different clinical populations were examined, utilizing a standardized anomaly scoring system for which a high interrater reliability was obtained. The patient populations were: general pediatric ward patients (n = 31), psychoneurotic outpatients at a university child guidance clinic (n = 26), learning diabled children (n = 23), and autistic, borderline, and atypical children (n = 28) from two residential treatment centers. Both the learning disabled and residential treatment populations had higher mean anomaly scores than did the first two groups, but did not differ significantly from each other. There was a trend for patients with multiple anomalies to have had more frequent history of prenatal insults or paternal psychopathology. These results indicate that the development of these minor anatomical anomalies which are formed in the first three months of fetal development may parallel early developmental deviation of the central nervous system. The finding of high anomalies in the residential treatment groups supports the idea that some of these patients share a common etiology with the other early developmental deviations, such as speech delay or mental retardation, for which high anomaly scores have also been reported.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1975 Dec
PMID:Minor physical anomalies in normal, neurotic, learning disabled, and severely disturbed children. 124 35

The current status of pharmacological treatments of self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression in persons with mental retardation and autism was reviewed in the literature. Much of the existing literature is derived from anecdotal clinical experience, with a relative lack of well-controlled studies to determine the efficacy of different treatments. Although all psychotropics have been used to manage SIB and aggression, particularly promising are the data on the use of opioid antagonists like naltrexone. Beta-blockers may also have some role, but more controlled, systematic studies are needed. Use of neuroleptics is on the decline because of their adverse effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and possible impairment of cognitive functions. We assert that the behavioral problems of SIB and aggression are at times manifestations of different psychiatric syndromes. They present in a modified, atypical form in the developmentally disabled population because of cognitive limitations. Further understanding and classification of the psychopathology associated with this behavior is essential for its successful treatment.
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PMID:Self-injurious behavior in the developmentally disabled: pharmacologic treatment. 129 22

At the present time, neuroleptics are indicated for the treatment of acute psychotic states as well as Tourette's syndrome in children and adults. Neuroleptics may have a useful role in the attenuation of problem behaviors, such as stereotypies, hyperactivity, self-injury, and aggressive outbursts in infantile autism, pervasive developmental disorder NOS, and mental retardation, but they do not improve the underlying condition. Neuroleptics are not the agents of first choice for treatment of hyperactivity or aggression in children who do not have major developmental handicaps. Common and troublesome side effects associated with neuroleptic use in children and adolescents include sedation, extrapyramidal symptoms, and withdrawal dyskinesias; therefore, close monitoring is required. Neuroleptics should be used cautiously and only as an adjunct to other nonpharmacologic interventions.
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PMID:Neuroleptics in pediatric psychiatry. 134 40

Health screening examinations of children. The 1st. health screening forms a major part of the public health services in community health, but it still encounters many problems. In the present study, the health screening programs and the infant and child health care follow-up clinic (2nd health screening) conducted by the Yoshikawa health center in Saitama-pref., as well as by each city and town, were investigated and analyzed. The findings are as follows: 1. In the first, health screening they pointed out some developmental disorders of 21.2%. About 80% of them are "to continue with follow-up observation". And 20% are "to go to the hospital and are to have an examination at once". Almost all of the above problems are related to psychomotor developmental disorders and physical growth delay. 2. The number of the children who made use of public expense was only 7 in 1st health screening. 3. The major complaints of the 2nd health screening are as follows: 1) speech and language delay 130 (36.4%); 2) motor behavior delay 117 (32.8%); 3) physical growth retardation 51 (14.3%); 4) emotional disturbances 12 (4.8%). The results of medical diagnosis for 2 years (1988-1990) were as follows: 1) speech and language disorders 55 (27.5%); 2) mental retardation 29 (14.5); 3) motor disturbances 28 (14.0%). The number of children without any problems is 18 (9.0%). 5. After they took the 2nd health screening, 138 (38.7%) children consulted with this clinic, and still keep consulting. 107 (30.0%) children had a medical examination, and 44 other children (12.3%) were introduced to other related facilities. As matters stand, there are not enough nurseries or training facilities for borderline children, and high-risk children. We don't have a complete system for border and high-risk children. The facilities for border and high-risk children do not give any specific details as to the various special services available. In the future, we forecast that the number of children with speech disorders and children with emotional disorders including infantile autism will increase, we should analyze the system of border and high-risk infants and children in connection with the 2nd health screening and discuss how to serve high-risk children effectively.
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PMID:[A study of infant and child health care "follow up clinic"]. 138 Mar 70

The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item rating scale that was developed primarily to measure the effects of pharmacological intervention in individuals living in residential facilities. This study investigated the use of the ABC in a sample of community children with mental retardation. Teacher ratings on the ABC were collected on 666 students attending special classes. The data were factor analyzed and compared with other studies using the ABC. In addition, subscales were analyzed as a function of age, sex, and classroom placement, and preliminary norms were derived. A four-factor solution of the ABC was obtained. Congruence between the four derived factors and corresponding factors from the original ABC was high (congruence coefficients ranged between .87 and .96). Classroom placement and age had significant effects on subscale scores, whereas sex failed to affect ratings. The current results are sufficiently close to the original factor solution that the original scoring method can be used with community samples, although further studies are needed to look at this in more detail.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Sep
PMID:Factor validity and norms for the aberrant behavior checklist in a community sample of children with mental retardation. 138 87

Hand preference and hand skill were assessed in 20 children with autism, 20 normal controls and 12 children with mental retardation. 90% of the normal controls and 92% of the children with mental retardation showed concordance for hand preference and hand skill (i.e. the preferred hand was also the more skillful), whereas only 50% of the children with autism showed concordance of preference and skill, the remaining 50% preferring to use the hand which was less skillful. Children with autism also showed a lesser degree of handedness and a lesser degree of consistency than the other groups, although this was unrelated to the discordance of skill and asymmetry. A developmental model of handedness is proposed in which the development of handedness as preference is ontogenetically prior to the development of handedness as skill asymmetry, such that in normal children the development of skill asymmetry occurs as a secondary consequence of the establishment of preference. The causal sequence is disrupted in autism, so that although preference is established, it does not subsequently result in concordant skill asymmetry.
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PMID:Handedness in childhood autism shows a dissociation of skill and preference. 139 41

Autism is a behavior disorder with genetic influences indicated from twin and family studies and from the co-occurrence of autism with known genetic disorders. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a known genetic disorder with behavioral manifestations including autism. A literature review of these two disorders substantiates a significant association of autism and TSC with 17-58% of TSC subjects manifesting autism and 0.4-3% of autistic subjects having TSC. In initial data collected on 13 TSC probands and 14 autistic probands in our family study of autism and TSC, we identified 7 TSC subjects with autism. The seven TSC autistic probands are similar to non-TSC autistic probands on the Social and Communication domains of the Autism Diagnostic Inventory (ADI) (Le Couteur et al., 1989), but show fewer Repetitive Rituals. There are more male TSC probands with autism than female, despite an equal sex ratio among TSC probands. The TSC probands with autism have significantly more seizures and mental retardation than those without autism; however, the extent and etiology of associations require further study. Our preliminary findings suggest that a fruitful approach for delineating genetic influences in autism may come from further investigation of possible mechanisms underlying the association of autism and TSC.
J Autism Dev Disord 1992 Sep
PMID:Autism and tuberous sclerosis. 140 Jan 3

Fifty habitually aggressive men were assessed for self-directed aggressive behavior (SDAB) and other-directed aggressive behavior (QDAB). Subjects displaying SDAB were compared with subjects exhibiting exclusively ODAB. The former were found to engage in more frequent acts of verbal aggression, physical aggression against objects, and physical aggression against others, as well as in more severe acts of verbal aggression and physical aggression against others. They were also more likely to receive diagnoses of mental retardation, organic personality disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or autism. Findings are consistent with the presence of a neurologically based behavioral dyscontrol in the SDAB subjects.
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PMID:Self-directed and other-directed aggressive behavior in a forensic sample. 144 Jul 47

The authors describe the case of a twelve-year-old patient presenting early autism associated with congenital muscular dystrophy--subtype IV, according to the subclassification of Fukuyama (slight mental retardation, ability to walk, muscle pseudohypertrophy). To our knowledge, this association has never been reported. Several factors may have played a causative role in the development of an autistic disorder in the patient. The authors suggest the following as the most significant ones: disharmonious personality, weak emotional structure, inadequate primary relation with the mother, poor environmental influences, frustrations encountered because of the muscular disorder.
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PMID:[Early autism and congenital muscular dystrophy: a clinical case]. 150 62

Two cases of fragile X-syndrome are presented. Both boys had a family history of learning disability. This syndrome is the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. There are few dysmorphic features in childhood, but in puberty 80% of persons with this syndrome develop macro-orchidism, as presented in our second case. Some of the cases may have large ears, with no folding pinnea (simple pinnae). They may also have long faces, and a prominent forehead and chin. A characteristic of the condition is behavioural dysfunction, including hyperactivity and autism. The author discusses difficulties diagnosing the condition, both clinically and by specialized chromosome analysis.
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PMID:[Fragile X-syndrome and mental retardation]. 155 20


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