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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The problem of differential diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia versus gross brain pathology is a difficult one. The clinical picture, for instance, of dementia infantalis (Heller's Disease) is indistinguishable from that of schizophrenia (Shaw & Lucas, 1970). The same is true of some major metabolic disorders (Bray,1970). Coexisting neurological and EEG findings for seizures are not helpful since these are often seen in schizophrenia (Bender, 1947; Fish, 1977). Mental retardation may coexist with schizophrenia or any of the other disorders. The following is an unusual case illustration of a child presenting symptoms of schizophrenia, seizures, and retardation without neurological abnormalities. Until his gross anatomical brain pathology was found by neurologic evaluation, he was subjected to the inappropriate treatment of psychotherapy.
J Autism Dev Disord 1979 Mar
PMID:Davidoff-Dyke-Masson syndrome presenting as childhood schizophrenia. 57 29

A longitudinal study was conducted of 243 children with congenital rubella. In this sample a high rate of autism and a high rate of recovery were observed. Examination of the data suggested that the rubella virus was the primary etiologic agent. It is hypothesized that the course of autism was that of a chronic infection in which recovery, chronicity, improvement, worsening, and delayed appearance of the autistic syndrome all were found. Other rubella consequences such as blindness, deafness, and cardiac and neuromuscular defects remained present except as modified by operations and prostheses. Degree of mental retardation initially was related to the outcome of autism but shifts in mental retardation over time did not correlate significantly for the group with shift in the autistic symptoms.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1977 Mar
PMID:Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. 57 6

Cytogenetic examination of a 14-year-old severely retarded girl revealed a karyotype of 47 chromosomes with an extra bisatellited chromosome, a translocation between No. 22 and a chromosome in the D group. The girl had presented an early autistic syndrome beginning about 6 months of age during plastering for a congenital luxation of the hips and receding from the age of 5. In addition, she was hyperkinetic with various aggressive and auto-aggressive traits and had atypical minor epileptic fits. Data from child psychiatric examinations at 5 and 14 years are presented. The importance of giving parents information as early as possible about biological causes of mental retardation and mental illness is stressed.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1977 Sep
PMID:A case report of an autistic girl with an extra bisatellited marker chromosome. 57 14

By means of a follow-up study the author studied 28 patients who at the age of 3-6 years were diagnosed as suffering from early infantile autism. In 6 cases the mental state of patients was characterized by traits of dissociated oligophrenic-like defect with preserved autistic forms of contacts, residual disorders of the syndrome of Kanners early autism, simbiotical dependency from the parents. In 15 cases there was a personality distortion, with traits of autism, emotional poorness, motor insufficiency, indifferent negativistic forms of contacts, mental retardation of the pseudooligophrenic type. In 7 cases there was a formation of a psychopathic state of a schizoid type.
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PMID:[Catamnesis of patients with Kanner's early infantile autism syndrome]. 93 May 4

Autistic children with an IQ below 70 and with an IQ above 70 were systematically compared. The two groups differed somewhat in the pattern of symptoms, but were closely similar in terms of the main phenomena specifically associated with autism. However, the low IQ and high IQ autistic children differed more substantially in terms of other symptoms such as self-injury and stereotypies and there were major differences in outcome. The possibility that the nature of the autistic disorder may differ according to the presence or absence of associated mental retardation needs to be taken into account in planning studies of etiology.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1976 Jun
PMID:Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children. 98 85

The Lesch--Nyhan syndrome is a heritable disorder of the metabolism of uric acid in which behavioral manifestations are prominent and among the most provocative. The mutated or variant gene that determines this disorder is carried on the X chromosome. The disease is expressed exclusively in males. The molecular expression of the abnormal gene is in the completely defective activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. As a result these patients overproduce uric acid and may develop early in life many of the clinical findings we associate with gout. They have in addition a variety of neurological abnormalities including mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy, and involuntary, choreoathetoid movements. Involved patients have unusual, compulsive, aggressive behavior. Its most prominent but by no means exclusive feature is self-mutilation. The central feature in the management of this behavior is physical restraint. A number of practical procedures have been learned which facilitate the care and feeding of these patients. Promising new findings suggest that behavioral modification using extinction techniques and pharmacologic methods utilizing agents designed to increase the effective cerebral content of serotonin may each have a place in the management of behavior in this syndrome.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1976 Sep
PMID:Behavior in the Lesch--Nyhan syndrome. 108 51

The characteristics of language and other forms of communication in normal and autistic children are described. The main basis of comparison is the extent to which each group can comprehend and use spoken and nonspoken language and also develop inner language. It is suggested that the central problem in early childhood autism is an impairment of complex symbolic function affecting all forms of communication. This problem can occur on its own, but, in the majority of cases, it is associated with other impairments of the central nervous system. The relationship of early childhood autism to mental retardation and to normal intellectual function is discussed.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1975 Sep
PMID:Language, communication, and the use of symbols in normal and autistic children. 117 24

The case findings of thirty-three children given a diagnosis of psychosis during hospitalization in the '50s and '60s were reviewed and rediagnosed in 1973. Childhood schizophrenia was the original diagnosis in 58% of the cases but was the rediagnosis in only 18% of those same cases. Chronic brain syndrome with various reactions (psychotic reaction, nonpsychotic behavioral reaction, and mental retardation and autism) was the diagnosis in 27% of the cases, originally, but was given to 67% of the cases on rediagnosis. One-third of the children originally diagnosed as psychotic were rediagnosed as nonpsychotic. Approximately two-thirds of the children were nonpsychotic according to the DeMyer-Churchill guidelines.
J Autism Child Schizophr 1975 Sep
PMID:Changing diagnosis of childhood psychosis. 117 26

A pair of MZ male twins concordant for early infantile autism (E.I.A.) is presented. A distinction is drawn between E.I.A. and infantile psychosis (I.P.) with associated mental retardation as a guide to prognosis and the necessity to provide suitable social training and education. The relevance of aetiology is discussed, and the importance of abnormal ante-natal history and delivery status, even in cases with strong genetic predisposition, is noted.
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PMID:Infantile autism in twins. 123 37

1. Stereotyped behavior as a type of repetitive behavior was studied by observing four major groups of exceptional children by a natural observation method. The total 400 subjects are made up as follows: 46 with visual disturbance, 85 with auditory disturbance, 29 with infantile autism and 240 with mental retardation. 2. From analyses of our observational data, it was inductively proved that each group has its own characteristic sterotypy. There were marked differences in stereotypy between the auditory disturbance group and the visual disturbance group. Autistic children showed a perfect form of stereotypy and outstandingly bizarre characteristics. It was also found that blindism and autism have much in common. Stereotyped behavior shown by mentally retarded children differed with different intelligence levels. 3. There was no significant difference in the stereotypy appearance rate among the blind as well as the deaf-mute. Comparison between the blind with mental retardation and the blind with normal intelligence showed that there was significant difference of 0.5% or less. When taking the intelligence factor into account, significant differences aroused. As against the autism group, each group showed a significant difference of over 0.5%. In conclusion, it can be said that mental retardation factor has close bearing on the stereotypy appearance rate. 4. With respect to the cause of stereotyped behavior, the author based its argument on its own theory that blindism accrues from congenital visual disturbance. Weighing the fact that stereotypy differs between the blind and the deaf-mute, the author discussed with reference to the theory developed by Kaufman and Berkson that the inability of the child to monitor normal stimulation due to sensory disturbance produces frustration in him and this frustrated bodily need manifests itself in stereotyped movements. As for stereotypy of the mentally retarded children, the author pointed out that the arousal level theory is applicable only to the cases of severe-grade mental regardation, and that it fails to explain the parallelism between the differences of intelligence level and stereotypy. As regards stereotyped movements of the autistic children, due consideration was given to subtleties in action and bizarre nature of their behavior. Based on Orniz's theory that autistic children lack the constancy of central perceptual reception, the author maintained that the occurrence of stereotypy in autistic children suggests the underlying mechansims of perception are functioning pathologically as well as neurophysiologically. 5. As our observation as been conducted for a short period of time, the results might have been rather cross sectional. But the author thinks this shortcoming would have been made up for by Rutter's five-year follow-up study and the records available at the institutions which proved autism-stereotypy has continued to appear for a long period.
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PMID:A comparative study by the behavioral observation for sterotypy in the exceptional children. 124 57


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