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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of the National Exposure Registry is to assess the long-term health consequences to a general population from long-term, low-level exposures to specific substances in the environment. This study investigates the health outcomes of 1,143 persons (1,127 living, 16 deceased) living in south central Texas who had documented environmental exposure to benzene (up to 66ppb) in tap water. As with all subregistries, face-to-face interviews were used to collect self-reported information for 25 general health status questions. Using computer-assisted telephone interviewing, the same health questions were asked 1 year (Followup 1, F1) and 2 years later (Followup 2, F2). The health outcome rates for Baseline and Followup 1 and 2 data collections for the Benzene Subregistry were compared with national norms, that is, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) rates. For at least one of the three reporting periods, specific age and sex groups of the Benzene Subregistry population reported more adverse health outcomes when compared with the NHIS population, including anemia and other blood disorders, ulcers, gall bladder trouble, and stomach or intestinal problems, stroke, urinary tract disorders, skin rashes, diabetes, kidney disease, and respiratory allergies. Statistically significant deficits for the Benzene Subregistry population overall were found for asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis; arthritis, rheumatism, or other joint disorders; hearing impairment; and speech impairment. No statistically significant differences between the two populations were seen for the outcomes hypertension; liver disease; mental retardation; or cancer. These results do not identify a causal relationship between benzene exposure and adverse health effects; however, they do reinforce the need for continued followup of registrants.
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PMID:The National Exposure Registry: analyses of health outcomes from the benzene subregistry. 956 45

A population-based cohort of 10-year-old children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hearing impairment or vision impairment, who were ascertained at 10 years of age in a previous study conducted in metro Atlanta during 1985-87, was followed up for mortality and cause of death information. We used the National Death Index to identify all deaths among cohort members during the follow-up period (1985-95). We estimated expected numbers of deaths on the basis of actual age-, race- and sex-specific death rates for the entire Georgia population for 1989-91. The objective was to quantify the magnitude of increased mortality and evaluate the contribution of specific disabilities to mortality among children and adolescents with one or more of five developmental disabilities. A total of 30 deaths were observed; 10.1 deaths were expected, yielding an observed-to-expected mortality ratio of almost three to one. The numbers of observed deaths exceeded those of expected deaths, regardless of the number of disabilities present, but the ratios were statistically significant (at the 95% confidence level) only in children with three or more co-existing disabilities. In general, the magnitude of the mortality ratios was directly related to various measures of the severity of the person's disability. An exception to this pattern was the elevated mortality from cardiovascular disease among cohort members with isolated mental retardation (three observed deaths vs. 0.2 expected). The specific underlying causes of death among other deceased cohort members included some that were the putative cause of the developmental disability (e.g. a genetic syndrome) and others that could be considered intercurrent diseases or secondary health conditions (e.g. asthma). Prevention efforts to decrease mortality in adolescents and young adults with developmental disabilities may need to address serious conditions that are secondary to the underlying disability (i.e. infections, asthma, seizures) rather than towards injuries, accidents and poisonings, the primary causes of death for persons in this age group in the general population.
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PMID:Increased mortality in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. 1244 56

Tracking incidence or prevalence of diseases and using that information to target interventions is a well-established strategy for improving public health. The need to track environmentally mediated chronic diseases is increasingly recognized. Trends in childhood illnesses are 1 element of a framework for children's environmental health indicators, which also includes trends in contaminants in the environment and in concentrations of contaminants in bodies of children and their mothers. This article presents data on 3 groups of important childhood diseases or disorders that seem to be caused or exacerbated, at least in part, by exposure to environmental agents and for which nationally representative data are available. They are asthma, childhood cancers, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Data were used from the National Health Interview Survey for asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders; the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for childhood cancer incidence; and the National Vital Statistics System for childhood cancer mortality. The prevalence of children with asthma doubled between 1980 and 1995, from 3.6% in 1980 to 7.5% in 1995. The annual incidence of childhood cancer increased from 1975 until approximately 1990 and seems to have become fairly stable since. Childhood cancer mortality has declined substantially during the past 25 years. Incidence of certain types of cancers has increased since 1974, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Approximately 6.7% of children aged 5 to 17 were reported to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 1997-2000, and approximately 6 of every 1000 children were reported to have received a diagnosis of mental retardation during the same period.
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PMID:Trends in environmentally related childhood illnesses. 1506 Feb 10

It is not unusual for paediatric surgical patients to suffer from paediatric diseases in addition to their surgical problems. These diseases demand further diagnostic procedures and pre- or postoperative therapy. The aim of this study was to discover how many and what kinds of additional paediatric diseases are seen in our paediatric surgical inpatients. We retrospectively evaluated the hospital charts of all inpatients for 1 year. The following data were collected: cause of admission, therapeutic procedure (conservative/operative), surgical discharge diagnosis, additional paediatric diagnoses, and transfer to other departments. A total number of 5,026 hospital stays for 5,840 operations in 4,300 children was evaluated. In 38% of all hospital stays, the children had one or more paediatric diseases. These could be divided into two groups: acute diseases and chronic conditions. In the acute group, 638 children suffered from acute infectious diseases such as respiratory infections and enteritis/gastroenteritis. The most common chronic conditions were allergy, asthma, epilepsy, anaemia, and mental retardation. A special group of patients consists of 21% of the children admitted because of suspected appendicitis. These children not only had a significantly higher incidence of additional paediatric diseases (mostly acute infectious diseases), but also a higher incidence of atopic diseases compared with the patients admitted for other reasons. The early diagnosis and treatment of additional paediatric diseases is essential for the success of paediatric surgery. The paediatrician has a significant role in caring for surgical patients and assisting in the perioperative management, but the paediatric surgeon should also be aware of the spectrum of medical diseases.
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PMID:Paediatric problems in a paediatric surgical department. 1515 36

The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes at 5 years of age of SGA and AGA children born < 28 weeks of gestation. The method used was a longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of 37 dyads of SGA and AGA infants matched by gestational age (GA), gender, and date of delivery. Mean GA was 26+/-1.2 weeks, and BW was 638+/-77 g for SGA and 833+/-134 g for AGA (P < 0.0001). The SGA infants remained lighter at 3, 24, and 60 months. Their head circumference was statistically smaller at 3 and 60 months, and their length remained lower but no longer statistically significant. There was no difference after the second year of life between SGA and AGA children in the need for rehospitalization (16% versus 11%) and the incidence of medical problems such as Otitis (38% versus 41%) and asthma (24% versus 30%). SGA exhibited more neurodevelopmental deficits (41% versus 30%) and severe handicaps, including CP, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation (22% versus 14%). Those deficits were seen predominantly in association with microcephaly, which was more prevalent in the SGA group. We conclude that the combination of severe prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation constitutes a serious developmental handicap and predisposes to physical and developmental delays. The presence of microcephaly further aggravates the prognosis.
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PMID:Outcome at 5 years of age of SGA and AGA infants born less than 28 weeks of gestation. 1556 89

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading cause of mental retardation and hearing impairment. Examination for the presence of CMV infection was carried out in a selected population of 70 neonates. Urine samples were tested for CMV by means of a nested polymerase chain reaction. CMV was detected in 6 (16.7%) of the 36 preterm newborns and in 5 (14.7%) of the 34 full-term newborns. One preterm neonate died and the remaining 10 newborns were followed up. Two children born at full-term did not excrete CMV at 2 years of age and were symptom-free. Of 8 CMV-excreting children (5 preterm and 3 full-term), 2 were symptom-free (1 preterm and 1 term). Symptomatic CMV disease developed in 6 children (4 preterm and 2 full-term), with mental retardation (n=4), hearing loss (n=1), strabismus (n=2) or bronchial asthma (n=1). Screening of such neonates is important; those identified as congenitally CMV-infected can be monitored to correct any sequelae immediately.
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PMID:Incidence and outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in selected groups of preterm and full-term neonates under intensive care. 1564 27

After a previous paper discussing the possible association between beta-thalassemias and bipolar disorder, this article considers a possible association between alpha-thalassemia and the bipolar disorder. We report the case of a 36 year old woman with bipolar disorder and alpha-thalassemia. The patient, native of Reunion Island, has a family history of bipolar disorder (both parents, one brother, and a paternal uncle). The severity of the bipolar disorder type I in her family, is illustrated by the suicides of both parents, one brother and the paternal uncle, in intervals of only a few years. After a Medline review (1980-2004) we found only two studies suggesting a possible relationship between bipolar disorders and alpha-thalassemias, but without clinical case report information. Some genetic studies described the existence of possible genetic susceptibility for bipolar disorder on the short arm of chromosome 16, close to the gene involved in certain alpha-thalassemias, on the region 16p13.3. An interesting finding is that the sequencing of 258 kb of the chromosome region 16p13.3 not only allowed the identification of genes involved in the alpha-thalassemia and in the vulnerability to bipolar disorders, but also the identification of genes implicated in tuberous sclerosis, in polycystic kidney disease, in cataract with microophtalmia, and in vulnerability genetic factors for ATR-16 syndrome, asthma, epilepsy, certain forms of autism and mental retardation. Numerous clinical descriptions and some familial studies on linkage suggested a possible relationship between tuberous sclerosis, polycystic kidney disease, cataract with microophtalmia, ATR-16 syndrome, asthma, epilepsy, certain forms of autism, mental retardation and bipolar disorder, given the closeness of these vulnerability genes on the short arm of the chromosome 16. A vulnerability gene of alcohol dependence was also identified on this same chromosome region (16p13.3), by a study concerning 105 families. Taking into account the methodological difficulties due to the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of bipolar disorder, we suggest that linkage techniques should be used to confirm the presence of susceptibility genetic factor for bipolar disorders on chromosome 16. Thus a known genetic disease (alpha-thalassemia) could contribute to confirming the presence on the short arm of chromosome 16 of a susceptibility genetic factor for bipolar disorders. Linkage studies should be performed in families with a strong association for both diseases. Thanks to linkage techniques, one could hope for an improvement in understanding the physiopathology of bipolar disorder, with possible implications at a therapeutic level.
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PMID:[Alpha-thalassemias and bipolar disorders: a genetic link?]. 1597 42

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of consanguineous unions in the State of Qatar and to assess the association between consanguinity, fertility and child health. A representative sample of 1800 Qatari women aged > or =15 years was approached for the study. Of these, 1515 (84.2%) women agreed to participate. The consanguineous marriage rate was 54.0% with estimated population confidence limits of 52.3-55.7%. First cousin unions were the most common form of cousin marriage. The level of parental consanguinity (both in the respondent's parents and her parents-in-law) was quite high. In a multivariable analysis, both education of the respondent and her husband as well as parental consanguinity were found to be strong predictors of consanguineous unions in the index generation. Although fertility was high in both groups, the mean number of pregnancies was somewhat higher in respondents with first cousin unions. Concomitantly they also had a slighter higher rate of livebirths than women in non-consanguineous unions. The occurrence of asthma, mental retardation, epilepsy and diabetes was significantly more common in offspring of all consanguineous than non-consanguineous couples.
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PMID:Consanguineous unions and child health in the State of Qatar. 1691 Oct 15

Rubinstein-Tabyi Syndrome (RTS) is characterized by broad toes, broad thumbs, facial dysmorphisms, and mental retardation. The syndrome has been shown in some patients to be associated with break points in and microdeletions of chromosome 16p13.3. It is estimated that approximately 75% of patients with RTS experience recurrent respiratory infections. In this study, three patients thought to have RTS and recurrent infections were evaluated for an immunologic deficiency. All three patients showed a polysaccharide antibody response deficit. We conclude that a primary immune deficiency may exist in the remainder of the RTS population and may explain the reason for the propensity for recurrent infections. Aggressive investigation and management in patients with RTS may further determine the mechanism of this deficiency and enhance the quality of life of these patients.
Allergy Asthma Proc
PMID:Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: an immune deficiency as a cause for recurrent infections. 1691 74

The authors report the first case of levetiracetam-induced diffuse interstitial lung disease. The patient is a 9-year-old girl who was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for aspiration pneumonia. She has a history of epilepsy, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, asthma, and repeated hospitalizations for presumed aspiration pneumonia, which resolved with conventional medical treatment. She has been on low-dose levetiracetam for her epilepsy over the past 2 years, and the dosage was increased just prior to this admission. However, this time, with conventional treatment, the patient's aspiration pneumonia did not improve, which led to a lung biopsy. The biopsy demonstrated a diffuse interstitial process of relatively recent onset, with features consistent with diffuse lung disease. Levetiracetam was implicated in the pathogenesis of the interstitial pneumonitis. The patient improved clinically after the discontinuation of levetiracetam and with the treatment of steroids.
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PMID:Levetiracetam-induced diffuse interstitial lung disease. 1769 72


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