Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Family and adoption studies indicate that genetic factors play a role in the development of many psychiatric disorders. A variable number of possible interacting genes predisposing to the diseases is likely. The genetic dissection has been hampered by genetic complexity as well as by difficulties in defining the phenotypes. Genetic mapping efforts using sib pairs, twins and individual large families has revealed preliminary or tentative evidence for susceptibility loci for a number of psychiatric disorders. Illnesses include the prion disease familial fatal insomnia (FFI), alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, autism, bipolar affective disorder, dyslexia, enuresis nocturnal, epilepsia, obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD), schizophrenia, as well as the dementias, Alzheimer's disease and frontal lobe dementia, and mental retardation. The genes and proteins related to the newly discovered transmitter in the central nervous system, nitric oxide (NO), and its genes and proteins are also reviewed. The number of mapped human genes now exceeds 30,000 of the estimated total number of 60,000 to 100,000 genes. This rapid development will facilitate gene mapping, as well as efforts to isolate and identify the genes responsible for symptom susceptibility in many of the etiologically unclear psychiatric diseases with complex genetic origin.
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PMID:[Mental disease a heritage. New genetic knowledge can reveal "public diseases" such as autism, dyslexia, alcoholism, anorexia, schizophrenia]. 1070 80

Naltrexone a pure opioid antagonist, well tolerated in young patients, has been found to be an interesting treatment in some disorders in children and adolescents. Naltrexone has been first tried in mental retardation and autism disorders in children and adolescents. Symptoms like self-injury behaviours, hyperactivity, stereotyped and ritualistic conducts appear to be improved in a subgroup of children with the opiate antagonist. But new controlled studies still need to be done before recommending naltrexone in autism. Preliminary results in the treatment of alcoholic adolescents seem to support the efficacy of naltrexone on abstinence when combined with a supportive psychotherapy. In adults, results found with the use of naltrexone in eating disorders are different, when considering the duration and the dosage of the treatment and the kind of eating disorder (bulimia, binge eating or anorexia nervosa). Studies in children and adolescents are needed before proposing naltrexone in eating disorders. We resumed here the results found with this treatment in these indications.
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PMID:Opiate antagonists in children and adolescents. 1114 Jul 79

The prevalence of eating disorders among 311 adults with mental retardation living in the West Coast of Norway was investigated. Reports stemming from a questionnaire completed by health workers were the data source. Diagnostic criteria adapted for persons with mental retardation were used. The main finding was that 27% of cases showed indices of an eating disorder. Among the eating disorders, binge-eating was the most prevalent. Incidence of anorexia nervosa was higher than that of the general population. Findings suggest that eating disorders are more prevalent in this population than in the general population.
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PMID:Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with mental retardation living in the community. 1547 15

The pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is still poorly understood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) classification differentiates 2 AN types: the restricting type (AN-R) and the binge eating/purging type (AN-BP). We investigated 4 young women suffering from AN (2 with AN-R and 2 with AN-BP). Four women, age matched, with other psychiatric disorders (paranoid schizophrenia, adjustment disorder, mental retardation) served as the reference group. The oligonucleotide microarray method (HG-U133A, Affymetrix) was used to determine the expression profile of 13 genes connected with the orexigenic and anorexigenic system: leptin, leptin receptor-coding gene, hypocretin (orexin) receptor-coding gene, hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor-coding gene and growth hormone secretagogue receptor. A hierarchical analysis of the results showed that AN-BP and AN-R patients were grouped into different clusters. Also, expression levels of leptin receptor-coding gene showed significant differences between AN-BP and AN-R patients and between AN-R and control subjects. This preliminary study suggests that the microarray technique may contribute to elucidating molecular genetics of the pathogenesis of both types of AN.
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PMID:Preliminary study of the expression of genes connected with the orexigenic and anorexigenic system using microarray technique in anorexia nervosa. 1855 12

We report the case of a 12.4-yr-old boy who presented Klinefelter syndrome (KS) mosaicism (46,XY/47,XXY), associated with mental retardation and anorexia nervosa (AN). KS was undiagnosed before hospitalization in a psychiatric unit. The patient was referred to a child psychiatric unit for restrictive eating. The medical history showed long standing feeding difficulties and failure to thrive. The patient was pre-pubertal and other clinical characteristics were: microcephaly, short stature and dysmorphic traits. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a mosaicism, 46,XY[11] and 47,XXY[19] karyotype. The psychiatric assessment demonstrated the presence of AN and low mood. No specific pathophysiological links between the alterations of KS and the development of AN should be hypothesized on the basis of this case report. In pre-pubertal boys with mental disorders, the possibility of KS should be considered, independently of the presence of eating disorders. Nevertheless, the case shows that KS can be first detected during an assessment for eating disorders. Few cases of the association of KS with AN have been previously reported in literature. This is the first description of KS, mosaicism (46,XY/47,XXY), associated with AN and mental retardation. This case report illustrates the need, for clinicians who work with eating disorders, to investigate the possible association between AN and KS, a rare but intriguing one.
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PMID:A case of Klinefelter syndrome, mosaicism (46,XY/47,XXY), associated with anorexia nervosa. 2105 29

Many animal models in different species have been developed for mental and behavioral disorders. This review presents large animals (dog, ovine, swine, horse) as potential models of this disorders. The article was based on the researches that were published in the peer-reviewed journals. Aliterature research was carried out using the PubMed database. The above issues were discussed in the several problem groups in accordance with the WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10thRevision (ICD-10), in particular regarding: organic, including symptomatic, disorders; mental disorders (Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, pernicious anemia and hepatic encephalopathy, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease); behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (alcoholic intoxication, abuse of morphine); schizophrenia and other schizotypal disorders (puerperal psychosis); mood (affective) disorders (depressive episode); neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder); behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (anxiety disorders, anorexia nervosa, narcolepsy); mental retardation (Cohen syndrome, Down syndrome, Hunter syndrome); behavioral and emotional disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). This data indicates many large animal disorders which can be models to examine the above human mental and behavioral disorders.
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PMID:Large animals as potential models of human mental and behavioral disorders. 2943