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Query: UMLS:C0025362 (mental retardation)
 15,878 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many autistic patients with mental retardation have difficulties with explosivity and aggression. They often prove resistant to various pharmacotherapeutic interventions. In this study, 11 male outpatients (mean 18.3 years) were administered risperidone in an open-label fashion. The risperidone was started at 0.5 mg daily, and titrated upwards until maximum clinical benefit occurred. Serial clinical interviews were conducted, and Conners Parent-Teacher Questionnaires (short form) were completed by the caretakers. Substantial clinical improvement was noted almost immediately in each patient, with aggression, self-injury, explosivity, and poor sleep hygiene most improved. The modal dose for optimal response was 0.5 mg bid. Weight gain was a significant side effect (average velocity of 0.47 kg per week), while none of the patients experienced extrapyramidal side effects.
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PMID:Risperidone and explosive aggressive autism. 922 61

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of specialized hospital treatment vs. outreach treatment of patients with mental retardation and serious mental illness. A total of 50 patients were randomly assigned to either the hospital treatment (n = 25) or the outreach treatment group (n = 25). The outcome measures included psychiatric symptoms, family burden, costs and hospital admissions. At most observation points (up to 28 weeks) and at all endpoints the two groups were equivalent with regard to psychiatric symptoms. The burden on carers did not increase significantly during the outreach treatment. Treatment costs were lower for the outreach treatment. Of the 25 patients who received outreach treatment, four had to be admitted to the specialized hospital. Aggressive behaviour, social competence and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations were found to be predictors of treatment outcome. It is concluded that outreach treatment represents an effective and efficient alternative to hospital treatment for patients with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Hospital vs. outreach treatment of patients with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders: a controlled study. 924 47

During the 1960's, reports suggesting the existence of multiple forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) appeared with increasing frequency. In July 1968, two reports appeared in the same issue of Biochemical Pharmacology that established the existence of MAO-A and MAO-B. This terminology was unanimously accepted at an international meeting on MAO in 1971. MAO-A preferentially deaminates serotonin (5HT) and is selectively inhibited by harmine and clorgyline, while MAO-B preferentially deaminates phenethylamine and benzylamine, and is selectively inhibited by (-)deprenyl as well as low concentrations of pargyline. It was later found that MAO-A and MAO-B are encoded by separate genes. The two genes have identical exon-intron organizations, but differ with respect to their promoters. In humans both genes are located very close together on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp21-p11). In mice, the MAO-A gene is also located on the X chromosome, but the chromosomal locations of the MAO-A and -B genes for other species appear to be unknown at present. Some degree of polymorphism seem to exist in both genes. Both forms probably occur naturally as homodimers in the mitochondrial outer membrane, raising the possibility of 3 variants of both MAO-A and -B in human females that are heterozygous for alleles at each locus. Highly specific antibodies for MAO-A and -B, respectively, have been produced, and immunohistochemical studies show that the two forms are differentially expressed in different cell types. In rat and primate brain MAO-A is restricted to catecholamine neurons, while MAO-B is largely restricted to serotonin neurons and astrocytes. Congenital lack of MAO-A is associated with mental retardation, impulsive aggressive behavior and other behavioral/neurological disorders. These results support the conclusion that both MAO-A and -B play predominantly protective roles in the organism.
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PMID:[Discovery of monoamine oxidase forms A and B]. 950 61

An open, prospective assessment of the treatment of severe aggression and self-injurious behavior (SIB) with paroxetine, a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, in 15 institutionalized persons with mental retardation was undertaken. Frequency and severity of aggression and SIB were charted by trained staff members. Only aggression severity was reduced over the entire 4-month follow-up period. Within the limits of an open trial, this effect was significant at one month but did not remain significant subsequently. The apparent diminution of effectiveness after 4 weeks of treatment may suggest adaptive changes warranting further study.
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PMID:Paroxetine treatment of aggression and self-injury in persons with mental retardation. 954 40

Risperidone has proven efficacy with reduced likelihood of causing extrapyramidal symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. Initial work suggests its utility in the management of aggression and self injury in patients with mental retardation. The use of risperidone in eight adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation is described. Risperidone in these individuals was associated with significant reduction in aggression and self injurious behavior. Side effects were primarily those of sedation and restlessness. These cases illustrate the possible utility of risperidone in the treatment of aggression and self injury in adult patients with moderate to profound mental retardation.
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PMID:Risperidone for aggression and self-injurious behavior in adults with mental retardation. 965 34

We examined aggression and psychopathology in persons with severe or profound mental retardation. Most aggressive episodes were directed toward other clients, and ratings of aggression were positively correlated with self-injury, stereotypic behavior, and being ambulatory. In a linear regression analysis of psychopathological correlates, aggression was most consistently predicted by dependent personality and psychosis. To better describe the construct of aggression, we also developed an Aggression-psychopathology scale. Persons with mental retardation and aggression were more likely to be impulsive, attention-seeking, dependent, socially inadequate, and anxious. Intensive efforts to modify the psychopathological correlates of aggression may improve treatment planning and outcome.
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PMID:Aggression and psychopathology in persons with severe or profound mental retardation. 977 Feb 54

In this study, we examined three maladaptive behaviors, self-injurious behavior (SIB), stereotypies, and aggression in adults with autism, pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and mental retardation. We used a brief functional analysis rating scale. The Questions About Behavioral Functions (QABF), to examine the function of each behavior. Across the three groups, our results indicated that aggression was primarily maintained for attentional reasons and stereotypies for nonsocial reasons. No specific function(s) were found to maintain SIB. These results suggest that the function of a maladaptive behavior may be associated more with the particular maladaptive behavior displayed rather than inclusion in a certain diagnostic group. Implications of findings for assessment and treatment issues are discussed.
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PMID:An analysis of maladaptive behaviors in persons with autism, PDD-NOS, and mental retardation. 977 Feb 55

Based upon the psychiatric basic documentation, the incidence of aggressive behaviour before admission and during hospitalisation in a psychiatric hospital was investigated for a six-year period from 1989 through 1994. Aggressive behaviour was found in 8.3% of the patients before admission and in 2.7% during hospitalisation. Injuries to other persons were relatively more frequent in patients with social disorders, mental retardation, dementia and schizophrenic psychoses. The relative risk was increased especially in patients who had injured other persons prior to admission. Considering only the included variables, prediction of aggressive behaviour is not possible with sufficient certainty.
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PMID:[Aggression in the psychiatric hospital. A psychiatric basic documentation based 6-year study of 17,943 inpatient admissions]. 981 1

Cortical heterotopia is defined as the misplacement of a group of neurons displaced to a precise localization in the neocortex and results from perturbed migration along the glial guide, either because of glial destruction or molecular anomalies. Heterotopic neurons are rarely dispersed but are rather grouped in nodules or bands. Heterotopic masses may lie in an ependymal or subcortical localization depending on whether they result from lack of migration or an arrested migration. Heterotopias can also occur in intra-cortical or extra-cortical localizations. The cause of heterotopia remains to be elucidated. Two genes situated on chromosome X have been implicated but non-genetic forms attributable to antenatal ischemia or toxic aggression during fetal development have also been observed. The presence of heterotopia is usually associated with epilepsy and sometimes with mental retardation. Seizures may be initiated within the heterotopic region then propagate via long projections to the neocortex which may also be malformed.
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PMID:[Cortical heterotopias: animal models and human disease]. 1009 50

We investigated the validity of the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF), a checklist designed to assess antecedent behavior, using a sample of 398 persons with mental retardation and a targeted maladaptive behavior of self-injurious behavior, aggression, or stereotypies. The QABF was used successfully to derive clear behavioral functions for most individuals (84%) across all three target behaviors. Further, subjects with treatments developed from functional assessment (QABF results) improved significantly when compared to controls receiving standard treatments not based on functional analysis. Implications of the present findings for assessing and treating maladaptive behaviors are discussed.
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PMID:A validity study on the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) Scale: predicting treatment success for self-injury, aggression, and stereotypies. 1019 45


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