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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was conducted to determine some of the potential applications of a human leukocyte culture supernatant or "lymphokine" preparation in cancer patients. The application evaluated in this study was the use of this preparation as a skin test reagent for evaluation of the inflammatory response following intradermal injection. The preparation was derived from the supernatant of a long-term cultured lymphoblastoid cell line with migration inhibition factor (MIF) and other lymphokine activities. Dose response, histology and toxicity studies were done in 53 patients with malignant melanoma stage IIIB and IV. A dose response curve was observed for both erythema and induration at 12 and 24 hours, but not at 48 hours. An optimal intradermal dose for eliciting inflammation was determined and found to be five units. Histopathological evaluation of biopsy specimens showed a mixed cell reaction including granulocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes differing in lymphocyte content from the classical delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in man. Compared with the response to recall antigens, only a weak correlation with the DTH response to the recall antigens was found. Our results support the conclusion that lymphokines may be used in the future to evaluate the ability to develop nonspecific inflammation in cancer patients, and that this inflammatory response can be obtained in a number of patients no longer capable of responding to recall antigens.
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PMID:The use of leukocyte cell line culture supernatant for skin reaction testing in malignant melanoma. 49 33

In modification of the cytopherometric test according to FIELD and CASPARY [3] were studied the influence of the cell-free supernatant (lymphokine) of the lymphocyte antigen reaction on the transmembrane potential of macrophages obtained from guinea pigs (peritoneal exsudate cells PEC). Macrophage membrane potential (MMP) was determined by glass microelectrode technique. In agreement with histological and clinical findings in malignant melanoma and Dubreuilh's disease with malignatization we observed a depolarization of the macrophage membrane up to 40% as compared with controls. A depolarization up to 60% was obtained in patients having undergone BCG vaccination, if the antigen used was PPD. In control persons and in non-malignant pigmentary tumors (such as foreign body granuloma) we found no variation of MMP. The results indicate that cell mediated immunity is closely correlated with membrane permeabilities, ion gradients and cell metabolism.
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PMID:[Macrophage membrane potential test: an electrophysiological modification of the Field-Caspary test in melanoma patients]. 78 20

The relationships between the ganglioside composition of melanomas and their biologic behavior were investigated. (1) The amount of GM2 and/or GD2 in melanoma cells injected into nude mice correlated with the tumor growth rate. (2) GD2 content of melanoma cell lines correlated with sensitivity to radiation and vincristine. (3) GM2 expression of melanoma cells correlated with sensitivity to lymphokine-activated killer cells. (4) Gangliosides inhibited the proliferation of human T cells stimulated with interleukin-4 or interleukin-2. Based on these results, we proposed a hypothesis for the role of melanoma-associated gangliosides in the biologic behavior of melanomas and suggested a prospective melanoma treatment related to the gangliosides.
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PMID:Gangliosides of melanoma. 129 69

The in vitro effect of lithium on lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity and its in vivo antitumor growth were observed. LAK activity was enhanced when LiCl was added during LAK cell induction, and this enhancement was observed both in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell and in mouse splenocytes used as LAK precursors. Cholera toxin, which can increase intracellular levels of cAMP, decreased LAK cell activity. However, lithium partially reversed this inhibitory effect, indicating that lithium increased LAK cell activity by decreasing cAMP levels. D-Sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, and EGTA, a calcium chelator, both inhibited the LAK cell activity. However, their inhibitory effects could not be reversed by lithium because lithium was added in the culture in combination with one of these inhibitors during LAK cell induction. By using slot blot analysis, the effect of lithium on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA of LAK cells was analyzed. Lithium increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA when both lithium and interleukin 2 were added to induce LAK cells. The in vivo antitumor effect of lithium has also been studied. Using a mouse melanoma experimental model, the effect of lithium on tumor growth was also observed. Both lithium alone and interleukin 2/LAK had an antitumor effect, whereas the treatment of interleukin 2/LAK in combination with lithium had the strongest inhibitory effect on tumor growth, since this treatment resulted in reduction of tumor size and prolongation of survival in tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, it is hopeful that lithium can be used as a new immunomodulator for cancer immunotherapy and immune diseases.
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PMID:Study of the effect of lithium on lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and its antitumor growth. 133 71

Melanoma represents the single best example of a human tumor that has been shown to elicit specific T-cell reactivity. The responsiveness of some patients with metastatic melanoma to treatment with the prototypic T-cell growth factor (TCGF), interleukin-2 (IL-2), indicates that T cells play a role in antitumor immunity. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), another TCGF that has been administered clinically to humans, was not associated with tumor response in our trials conducted at the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute. Combination trials of IL-2 with IL-4 have shown no increase in responsiveness of melanoma or other tumors when compared to IL-2 alone. However, enhanced expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in vitro has been observed with combinations of low-dose IL-2 and IL-4. We have begun a study evaluating the trafficking of such expanded lymphocytes following their adoptive transfer in association with systemic administration of IL-2 and IL-4. We have established several TIL cultures from fresh tumor samples, maintained them in long-term culture, and marked them with the neomycin phosphotransferase gene using the LNL6 retroviral vector. Such TILs appear to demonstrate no notable alterations in phenotype or cytolytic activity when compared to their nontransduced counterparts. In addition to IL-2 and IL-4, there are a variety of other novel TCGFs that are now available for evaluation in preclinical and clinical trials. IL-7 induces proliferation and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Use of T-cell growth factors (interleukins 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12) in the evaluation of T-cell reactivity to melanoma. 135 3

Human melanoma cells are sensitive to the lytic activity of natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in vitro. The events resulting in tumour cell killing by lymphocytic effectors have not been completely clarified, and the same target cell determinants regulating responsiveness to immune cytolysis have not yet been identified. Indeed, changes in the differentiative status of leukemia cells as well as in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens have been described to modulate sensitivity to cytotoxic effectors; moreover surface expression of adhesion factors or extracellular matrix proteins by the cancer cells can promote the activation of the cytolytic effectors and has been described to correlate with tumour cell sensitivity to cytolytic cells. We reasoned that treatment with differentiation inducers could modulate melanoma cell sensitivity to NK and LAK cells. The present study demonstrates that human melanoma GLL-19 cells, when treated with the phorbol diester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in vitro, undergo growth inhibition and neuron-like differentiation. Moreover, PMA treatment induces an evident inhibition of GLL-19 cell sensitivity to NK- and LAK-mediated cytotoxicity. GLL-19 cells express constitutively MHC class I antigens. PMA treatment, however, does not modify the expression of MHC class I and class II DR antigens in human melanoma GLL-19 cells. We have finally evaluated the effects of PMA on the expression at the cell surface of adhesion factors such as ICAM-1, and extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen IV, laminin and fibronectin; we have also studied the expression of the integrin vitronectin receptor, a membrane receptor for adhesive proteins. While adhesion factors and extracellular matrix proteins appear to play an important role in the interaction between immune effector and tumour target, it can be supposed that the modulation of such membrane-associated proteins or glycoproteins induces NK and LAK resistance in cancer cells. We indeed found that PMA treatment induced in GLL-19 a marked reduction of membrane expression of collagen IV and ICAM-1; moreover PMA reduced the cell membrane expression of the integrin vitronectin receptor. On the other hand, membrane expression of fibronectin and laminin was not affected by PMA. These data indicate that the acquisition of a NK- and LAK-resistant phenotype by GLL-19 cells occurs together with cell differentiation, down-regulation of membrane expression of collagen IV, ICAM-1 and vitronectin receptor, but in the absence of changes in MHC antigens.
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PMID:Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces resistance of human melanoma cells to natural-killer- and lymphokine-activated-killer-mediated cytotoxicity. 137 27

Fc receptor-positive lymphocytes (FcR+) contain lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) precursors that in response to IL-2 develop potent antitumor cytotoxicity. These FcR+ cells are also capable of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), which can be detected using fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) directed to murine targets, however, PBL-mediated ADCC to human tumors usually is very low, requiring a stimulation of the PBL, which also can be accomplished with IL-2. Using human melanoma tumor target cells, with and without the 14G2a monoclonal antibody, we examined in parallel the role of p75 IL-2 receptor for regulation of the induction of both LAK and ADCC forms of antitumor cytotoxicity. Enrichment of FcR+ cells from fresh peripheral blood by elutriation and flow cytometry, followed by varying periods of IL-2 culture, revealed a differential kinetics of activation. ADCC was detectable after PBL exposure to IL-2 for as short as the 4 h cytotoxicity assay, while LAK activation required more than 24 h of exposure. Elimination of the FcR+ cells by magnetic bead depletion from large granular lymphocyte populations (LGL) resulted in a loss of both LAK and ADCC. Addition of antibody known to block the binding of IL-2 to the p75 molecule of the IL-2 receptor complex (Mik-beta 1) to activation cultures at zero time resulted in abrogation of both cytotoxicities. These results suggest that differentiation and maturation of the ADCC effectors occurs in response to IL-2 via the p75 molecule, as also does LAK activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Tumor recognition and lytic competence of IL-2-activated lymphocytes: regulation of both antibody-independent and -dependent cellular cytotoxicity via P75 IL-2 receptor. 142 May 99

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 146 patients with metastatic melanoma undergoing interleukin 2 (IL-2)-based immunotherapy were characterized for HLA A, B, Cw, DR, DQw, and DRw specificities. Patients had been enrolled into sequential treatment protocols with either IL-2 alone (28) or in combination with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (86), alpha-interferon (26), lymphokine-activated killer cells (16), radiation therapy (7), cyclophosphamide (3), tumor necrosis factor (1), and interleukin 4 (1) for a total of 168 courses of therapy. HLA phenotype was then correlated with response rate and toxicity to IL-2. We noted: (a) a significant difference in the frequency of A11 (20.5% versus 10.2%; P < 0.05) allele between melanoma patients and the North American Caucasian population; (b) a significantly higher frequency of A11 phenotype among responders (40.5%) than in the melanoma patient population (20.5%; P < 0.01), which was even more obvious among patients responding to TIL therapy (47.4% versus 22.1%; P < 0.05); within TIL patients, responders also had an increased frequency of A19 (42.1% versus 25.6%; P < 0.05); (c) a correlation between the number of TILs received and response rate (P < 0.005); and (d) an association between DR4 haplotype and decreased tolerance to IL-2 among the patients receiving TILs (P = 0.01). These results suggest that, in melanoma patients, some HLA Class I specificities may predict for a greater likelihood of response to IL-2-based therapy, while HLA Class II phenotype correlates with tolerance to the combination of TIL and IL-2 therapy.
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PMID:HLA association with response and toxicity in melanoma patients treated with interleukin 2-based immunotherapy. 142 1

In order to measure cell mediated cytotoxicity to adherent growing cell lines in vitro more rapidly and conveniently, a fluorometric microassay was developed and results were compared with those obtained by the 51Cr release assay. The fluorometric method is based on the hydrolysis of the fluorochrome 4-methylumbelliferyl heptanoate (MUH) by intracellular esterases of viable cells. Melanoma cell monolayers were incubated with lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells for 4 h at various effector: target (E:T) cell ratios (E:T = 16, 8, 4, 2:1). Thereafter surviving adherent melanoma cells were stained with MUH for 30 min and fluorescence was measured directly in a 96 well plate reader. For the calculation of LAK cell cytotoxicity fluorescence values were corrected for the number of nonspecifically detached tumor cells during the washes and the number of nonspecifically adherent LAK cells. Using identical target and effector cell preparations both assays showed a nearly proportional increase of percentage cytotoxicity with rising numbers of lymphocytes. Compared with the 51Cr release assay, however, higher cytotoxicity values were obtained with the fluorometric MUH microassay: 57% with MUH versus 26% with 51Cr and 39% versus 14% for cell lines StML-11 and SKMel-28, respectively (E:T ratio = 16:1). The higher cytotoxicity rates obtained with the fluorometric MUH microassay were not due to the additional 30 min staining with MUH or due to nonspecific hydrolysis of MUH by extracellular esterases released from damaged cells, as could be shown by a series of experiments. In conclusion, a simple and rapid fluorometric microassay has been developed showing reliable reproducibility and a higher sensitivity compared with the 51Cr release assay for the determination of cellular cytotoxicity to adherent growing cell lines, avoiding hazardous radioactive labels.
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PMID:A rapid and sensitive fluorometric microassay for determining cell mediated cytotoxicity to adherent growing cell lines. 143 Nov 56

As a preliminary to transducing human melanoma cells with lymphokine genes, we sought for constitutive gene expression and production of eight interleukins, tumour necrosis factors and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in 19 human melanoma cell lines. Conversion of RNA into cDNA by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed to evaluate gene expression while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or biological assays were used to assess the presence of proteins. No expression of interleukins (IL) 3, 4, and 5 or interferon-gamma RNA was found, while the other cytokines were variably expressed in melanoma lines, with IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, being detectable in most of the lines. At protein level, 10 melanoma cells were tested with ELISA and all were found to produce IL-8, five produced IL-6, two tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, one IL-1 alpha and two TNF beta. The levels of TNF beta were at the limit of test sensitivity. The amount of various cytokines released by the different lines varied widely. Biological assay with the D10-G4 clone confirmed the presence of IL-1 alpha in the supernatant of melanoma (ME) 10221 and revealed an IL-1 activity in the supernatant of Me 4024/1. The proliferating activity of melanoma supernatants on D10-G4 was inhibited by treatment with polyclonal antibodies against IL-1 alpha but not with antibodies against IL-1 beta. TNF biological activity was tested against the TNF-susceptible fibrosarcoma WEHI 164 clone 13.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Melanoma Res 1992 Sep
PMID:Expression of cytokine genes, including IL-6, in human malignant melanoma cell lines. 145 Jun 72


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