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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective study of the clinical findings and natural history of 140 patients with disseminated malignant melanoma treated at Wayne State University over a ten year period was done. Multiple organ metastases were diagnosed clinically in 78 per cent of all patients and seen at all autopsies. Routine roentgenograms of the chest did not diagnose metastases to the lung in 27 per cent of the patients. The concimitant elevation of alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase enzymes is suggestive of underlying metastases to the liver even with a negative liver scan or normal liver size. Electroencephalography was found to be sensitive in predicting and confirming metastases to the central nervous system prior to clinical manifestation with a 97 per cent accuracy rate in clinically confirmed instances as compared with a 60 per cent accuracy rate with brain scan. Age, sex and primary site of melanoma did not influence the survival once the disease became disseminated. Patients with a disease-free interval of more than six months statistically have a better chance of survival from the onset of systemic metastases, p = 0.001. Patients with a poor performance status of less than or equal to 40 per cent had a median survival period of one month as compared with six months with 90 per cent performance, p = 0.001. Patients who initially presented with metastases to the skin or lymph nodes without other visceral involvement had a 14 month median survival rate as compared with eight months in patients with metastases to the central nervous system only, four months with metastases to the liver and only one month in patients with multiple organ involvement, p = 0.0001.
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PMID:Clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic factors in advanced malignant melanoma. 50 43

The results of liver, bone, and brain scans in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic malignant melanoma were reviewed. The liver scan was initially positive in 18% (14/78) and ultimately in 32% (25/78). Serum alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase were elevated in 92%. These patients ultimately developed positive liver scans, while convincing hepatomegaly was noted in only 44%. Bone scans were eventually positive in 33% (16/49), all of whom had pain. Brain scans were positive in 15% (10/65), all of whom had CNS symptoms. In asymptomatic patients, bone and brain scans only rarely disclosed occult lesions.
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PMID:Radionuclide scanning in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. 52 90

The hypothesis that the growth of mammalian cells is regulated by hormones is now supported by considerable evidence. Two rat pituitary cell lines, GH3 and GC, a mouse melanoma, M2R (B16), and a human cervical carcinoma cell, HeLa S-3, have been grown indefinitely in serum-free (SF) hormone-supplemented medium. No visible changes of growth characteristics were observed in the cells grown continuously in the SF condition. However, changes in the activity of a plasma membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, and in the relative intensity of surface proteins that are labeled by the [125I] lactoperoxidase technique were found in HeLa cells grown in the SF condition. To study the role of hormones required in the regulation of cell growth, HeLa cells were grown in the absence of one of the required hormones. The following results were obtained. Epidermal growth factor is probably involved in the regulation of the synthesis of macromolecules such as RNA and of the protein content per cell. Transferrin, the accessory factor in the SF condition, supplies iron for cells. The two basic peptides in this SF system, fibroblast growth factor and insulin, are probably involved in the balance of nutrients and energy inside the cell. The replacement of F12 medium with a better-balanced medium, MCDB 105, can mimic the requirements for these two peptides. The steroid hydrocortisone (HC) is probably involved in alteration of the cell surface. This is indicated by the effects of HC on cell morphology, rate of detachment from the dish, and the pattern of [125I] lactoperoxidase labeling of surface proteins. In addition, it is necessary to change the medium more frequently to maintain the culture in the medium without HC. This observation suggests that HC may be involved in the control of homeostatic properties of the cell surface. The production of rat prolactin by GH3 cells was also studied. GH3 cells in the SF condition produce 1.6 microgram prolactin per 10(5) cells in 24 h, while 2.4 microgram is produced in the presence of serum. Prolactin production in the SF condition is enhanced by the presence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is the major growth factor for these cells. Without it cell growth is severely limited, while prolactin production is elevated. This result suggests that the GH3 cell line in the SF condition may be an ideal system for the study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression.
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PMID:Replacement of serum in cell culture by hormones: a study of hormonal regulation of cell growth and specific gene expression. 66 Jun 66

We studied the metastatic pattern of 41 patients initially referred with a primary choroidal melanoma who later developed widespread disease. In the order of frequency, the most common sites of metastatic involvement were the liver (56%), subcutaneous tissue (36.5%), and bone (7%). Whereas the median interval between enucleation and the onset of metastatic disease was approximately four years, in rare cases, metastases were diagnosed concurrently with a primary choroidal melanoma. Since patients with choroidal melanomas usually survive less than one year after the development of widespread disease, a metastatic examination should be done in all patients with pigmented choroidal tumors both before and after ocular therapy. From the data obtained in this and other studies on metastatic melanoma, a reasonable basic metastatic examination for choroidal melanoma patients should include a serum lactic dehydrogenase, a serum alkaline phosphatase, a routine chest X-ray, and a general physical examination.
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PMID:Metastatic choroidal melanoma. 67 36

Chromomycin A3 was given to 43 patients with metastatic cancer in order to determine the tolerable dose when the drug was administered on an every-other-day dose schedule for a total of five iv push injections, with the course of therapy being repeated every 4 weeks. At least three patients were entered at each dose level, graduated in 0.1-mg/m2 increments between 0.7 and 1.6 mg/m2. The most common (19 patients) side effect was nausea and/or vomiting, but this was usually mild, lasted for a few hours, and diminished in severity with repeated injections. Skin necrosis due to drug extravasation was a problem early in the study, but was eliminated by injecting the drug through iv tubing. Transient elevations in SGOT and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed, but proved not to be of serious consequence. Renal toxicity proved to be the limiting factor in therapy. However, a dose level of 1.3 mg/m2 was found to be a tolerable level of drug administration in previously untreated patients. Objective tumor responses were noted in four patients (Hodgkin's disease, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and malignant melanoma).
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PMID:Phase I alternate-day dose study of chromomycin A3. 103 32

Human melanoma cells (MM96E) were incubated with a phenotypic modifier (L-ethionine) to compare its effects on phenotypic expression with those induced by sodium butyrate and dimethyl sulfoxide. In contrast to the latter agents, L-ethionine (8mM) failed to arrest the cell cycle at the G1 phase or to inhibit colony formation ability after 48 hr incubation. Tyrosinase activity changed in parallel with 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD) content during treatment with sodium butyrate or dimethyl sulfoxide. Tyrosinase was inhibited in L-ethionine-treated cells, probably because of metabolism of L-ethionine to sulfhydryl compounds; this remains to be clarified. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity changed inversely with tyrosinase activity after sodium butyrate or dimethyl sulfoxide incubation, whereas L-ethionine did not significantly alter the enzyme activity. In addition, only sodium butyrate induced alkaline phosphatase activity. L-ethionine was less effective than sodium butyrate or dimethyl sulfoxide in inhibiting expression of the B8G3 melanosomal antigen, as determined by Western blotting. These results suggest that phenotypic modifiers (differentiation inducers) affect melanoma cells in various ways and that melanogenesis therefore reflects only one aspect of differentiation in pigment cells.
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PMID:Alteration of melanoma melanogenesis by phenotypic modifiers. 136 29

The action of the marine furanoditerpenes, spongiatriol (SP) and episopongiatriol (ESP), were compared in two sublines of human melanoma cells (MM96E and MM96L) derived from the same metastatic lesion. MM96E had higher tyrosinase activity and lower expression of alkaline phosphatase but was otherwise indistinguishable from MM96L. SP and ESP treatment of both cell lines for 72 h at cytostatic doses inhibited B8G3 expression and tyrosinase activity but had little effect on the expression of tyrosinase antigen. MM96L cells were affected more than MM96E. SP and ESP induced apoptosis in both cell lines, ESP causing dendritic morphology in a proportion of MM96L cells. SP induced a marked G2/M arrest in MM96E cells. SP and ESP together define subtle qualitative and quantitative differences in human melanoma phenoypes, possibly based on expression of a repertoire of neurotransmitter receptors.
Melanoma Res
PMID:Isomers of a marine diterpene distinguish sublines of human melanoma cells on the basis of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and differentiation markers. 142 91

We have developed new methodology for quantifying antibodies to the p53 tumor suppressor gene product in human serum. The assay involves solid-phase immobilization of a monoclonal anti-p53-specific antibody that is then reacted with a tumor cell line lysate containing mutant p53. The immunopurified p53 antigen acts as an immunosorbent for the serum p53 antibodies that are then detected by reaction with a goat anti-human immunoglobulin G antibody labeled with alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALP activity is then measured with enzymatically amplified time-resolved fluorometry. The developed assay has many advantages over the radioactively labeled techniques previously used. In a preliminary clinical study involving 790 patient sera, we have identified 16 positive samples (2%). Highest titers were observed in a patient with melanoma and two breast cancer patients. Further studies are needed to improve the sensitivity of this test and to evaluate its possible use for cancer diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of therapy.
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PMID:Antibodies to the p53 tumor suppressor gene product quantified in cancer patient serum with a time-resolved immunofluorometric technique. 147 69

We examined the influence of different staining techniques [(three-step immunoperoxidase technique (IP); alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase technique (APAAP)] on the quantitative evaluation of Ki-67-labeled nuclei. We studied five melanocytic skin tumors. From each case, five parallel sections were prepared and stained using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique (slide 1) and the APAAP technique once (slide 2). Slide 3 consisted of a single repetition of the APAAP technique, slide 4 was a double repetition, and slide 5 was a third repetition. We assessed the volume fraction (VV) of Ki-67-positive nuclei using computer-assisted image analysis. For each staining group, the mean value and standard deviation of VV were calculated. Comparing VV values obtained from the different staining groups we did not find a statistically significant difference between the IP and the various APAAP steps (Wilcoxon test, p = less than 0.05). However, the staining procedure influenced the quantitative results to some extent. The mean VV of the five staining groups ranged in our study from 0.10 to 0.17%, which is narrow compared with the overall variability among different cases (dermal melanocytic nevus, 0.01%; metastatic malignant melanoma, 0.43%). Therefore, we can state that for a rough evaluation of Ki-67-positive nuclei, the influence of different staining methods is negligible; for a subtle quantitative analysis, however, it would nevertheless be preferable to always apply the same staining technique.
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PMID:The influence of staining procedures on the assessment of cell proliferation as defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. 170 Aug 83

Sodium butyrate (butyrate), 5-azacytidine (5Aza-C), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were applied to a human melanoma cell line for the purpose of inducing pigmentation and terminal differentiation. The results are summarized as follows: 1) butyrate, DMSO, and DMF had a strong cytostatic effect, arresting cells in the G1 phase of the cycle; 2) butyrate caused a morphological change to spindle shape whereas DMSO and DMF produced rounded cells, without affecting the levels of vimentin and intermediate filaments; 3) tyrosinase activity and melanization were stimulated by DMSO and DMF but not by butyrate; 4) butyrate induced several membrane-bound enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase); 5) changes in the expression of antigens related to tyrosinase activity (2B7 and 5C12) only partly corresponded to the changes in enzyme activity; 6) expression of the melanosomal B8G3 antigen was decreased by butyrate, DMSO, and DMF; and 7) the action of DMF resembled that of DMSO whereas 5Aza-C had little effect. The results indicate that these differentiating agents activate different sets of genes, the melanogenic pathway being activated independently of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. The down regulation of B8G3 antigen by these agents may provide a common focus for understanding the essential action of differentiation inducers in melanoma cells.
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PMID:In vitro phenotypic alteration of human melanoma cells induced by differentiating agents: heterogeneous effects on cellular growth and morphology, enzymatic activity, and antigenic expression. 171 Mar 61


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