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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A site-selective analogue of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-chloro-adenosine-3',5'-cyclophosphate was studied for its effects on the growth of transplanted murine melanoma B-16. When the agent was given to the mice, a substantial effect on the growth of the tumor was produced by a number of factors, which included the route of administration, concentration of the agent, the time and duration of therapy. Intraperitoneal injections of the agent in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day which were made during three consecutive days, beginning from day 5 after tumor transplantation caused a 58% decrease in tumor growth as compared to the controls. An examination of tumour biopsy specimen revealed that after a course of the injections there was a significant suppression of the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, type I, and a drastic increase in that of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, type II.
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PMID:[The inhibiting effect of 8-Cl-adenosine-3',5'-cyclophosphate on the growth of melanoma B-16 in mice]. 145 92

B16 mouse melanoma cells are grown inhibited by cyclic AMP or by retinoic acid (RA). However, the combination of these two agents results in less growth inhibition than either agent alone. In order to investigate this interaction, cells were selected for resistance to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-induced growth inhibition. Two clones (3 and 7) which demonstrated significant resistance were isolated. When these two clones were treated with retinoic acid (RA) it was observed that they also exhibited different degrees of resistance to this growth inhibitor. This cross-resistance did not appear to be due to a lack of uptake or retention of the respective inhibitors, since the mutants took up and retained more 3H-cAMP and 3H-RA than wild type cells, suggesting that the dual resistance was not due to an amplification of P-glycoprotein. The mutation confering cAMP-resistance did not appear to involve cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, since both catalytic activity and the amount of cAMP protein binding was similar in wild type and mutants. Thus, the mutation must be beyond the interaction of cAMP with cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We have previously reported that RA induces protein kinase C in B16 melanoma cells (Niles and Loewy: Cancer Res. 49:4483-4487, 1989). Therefore, we measured the ability of RA to induce protein kinase C in the cyclic AMP-resistant mutants. We found an inverse correlation between RA-induced protein kinase C activity and growth inhibition in these mutants. The data reported here suggest that cyclic AMP regulates some step in the RA signal transduction pathway.
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PMID:B16 mouse melanoma cells selected for resistance to cyclic AMP-mediated growth inhibition are cross-resistant to retinoic acid-induced growth inhibition. 164 60

Vitamin A inhibits growth and increases the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in B16 mouse melanoma cells. In this report we show that retinoic acid (RA) treatment of intact cells alters their subsequent in vitro protein phosphorylation, but we could not demonstrate any changes in in vivo protein phosphorylation. A 48-h treatment with RA results in a concentration-dependent decrease of protein phosphorylation of a 95K molecular weight (MW) protein in both supernatant and particulate fractions. The phosphorylation of this protein does not appear to be regulated by cAMP. Proteins at 92K and 82K MW in the supernatant fraction are increased in phosphorylation. The former (but not the latter) is regulated by cAMP. In the particulate fraction a variety of proteins 12K-68K MW are increased in phosphorylation, as the cells are treated with increasing amounts of RA. The phosphorylation of most of these proteins is regulated by cAMP. Another inhibitor of B16 cell growth, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) also alters protein phosphorylation. At short incubation periods (1 h), this hormone stimulates phosphorylation of a number of proteins (17-40K MW), while in longer incubation periods (48 h) phosphorylation is inhibited. All of these phosphorylations appear to be regulated by cAMP. We attempted to repeat these observations using intact-cell phosphorylation with 32PO4. In two experiments we saw small changes in the phosphorylation of proteins. In most experiments, however, we could find no change in the phosphoproteins. Further experiments have led us to question the in vivo phosphorylation, since treatment of the cells with MSH, cholera toxin, or db-cAMP also did not affect intact-cell protein phosphorylation. We have previously documented that under these latter conditions cAMP levels are greatly elevated and cAMP-dependent protein kinase is activated. The in vitro phosphorylation results suggests that in RA-treated cells, kinase activities and/or protein substrate levels are changing. However, the physiological significance of the particular MW phosphoproteins changes we have described must await resolution of the in vivo phosphorylation data.
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PMID:The effect of retinoic acid on protein phosphorylation in mouse melanoma cells. 301 73

Melanin is specifically produced in melanocytes. The pathway for melanin biosynthesis is regulated by a number of melanocyte-specific proteins, including tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1, b locus protein). To understand the regulation of melanogenesis, we examined tyrosinase activities, mRNA levels of tyrosinase and TRP-1, and eumelanin and pheomelanin contents in mouse B16-F1 melanoma cells after they had been treated with some melanotropic reagents. Cholera toxin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased tyrosinase activity and stimulated eumelanin biosynthesis. These reagents elevated intracellular cAMP levels. In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate reduced tyrosinase activity and eumelanin synthesis. In all cases, the mRNA levels of tyrosinase and TRP-1 changed in parallel with tyrosinase activity and eumelanin content. TRP-1 was induced simultaneously with tyrosinase, although its inducibility was lower than that of tyrosinase. These results suggest that the expressions of tyrosinase and TRP-1 genes are coordinately regulated by melanotropic reagents through cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C in mouse B16-F1 cells, and that their coordinate expression causes eumelanin biosynthesis.
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PMID:Eumelanin biosynthesis is regulated by coordinate expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 genes. 768 98

Specific high-affinity receptors for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) are found in variable abundance on many melanoma cell lines. We have examined melanocortin peptides and other factors for their ability to regulate the number of MSH receptors in eleven human and two mouse melanoma cell lines. MSH induced up-regulation of its own receptors in three human cell lines and down-regulation in six human and two mouse melanoma cell lines. No regulation was observed in two human lines. Scatchard analysis revealed modulation of the number of receptors per cell without any change in affinity. The concentrations inducing half-maximal response for up- and down-regulation were 1.6 nM and 0.23 nM, respectively. ACTH1-17 and [Nle4,D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH were more potent, whereas ACTH1-24, desacetyl-alpha-MSH, and [Nle4]-alpha-MSH were less potent in receptor up-regulation as compared to alpha-MSH. Down-regulation but not up-regulation could be fully mimicked by Gs-protein activation and partially by elevation of cellular cAMP. Combination of different agents which increase cAMP was found to be counterregulatory. TPA and retinoic acid generally down-regulated MSH receptors but had no effect on HBL cells. Several protein kinase inhibitors increased MSH binding in B16 cells. MSH-induced receptor down-regulation and melanin synthesis were most effectively antagonized by selective inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in these cells. Taken together, MSH receptors on melanoma cells are both positively and negatively regulated. Whereas cAMP-dependent protein kinase activation seems to be involved in down-regulation, the mechanism responsible for up-regulation remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Homologous and heterologous regulation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptors in human and mouse melanoma cell lines. 816 86

Since S-nitrosylation of protein thiols is one of the cellular regulatory mechanisms induced by nitric oxide (NO), and since protein kinase C (PKC) has critical thiol residues which influence its kinase activity, we have determined whether NO could regulate this enzyme. Initial studies were carried out with purified PKC and the NO-generating agent S-nitrosocysteine. This agent decreased phosphotransferase activity of PKC in a Ca(2+)- and oxygen-dependent manner with an IC50 of 75 microM. Phorbol ester binding was affected partially only at higher concentrations (> 100 microM) of S-nitrosocysteine. This inactivation of PKC was blocked by the NO scavenger oxyhemoglobin or reversed by dithiothreitol. It is likely that NO initially induced an S-nitrosylation of vicinal thiols, which were then oxidized to form an intramolecular disulfide. Other NO-generating agents such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and sodium nitroprusside, as well as authentic NO gas, induced similar types of PKC modifications. In intact B16 melanoma cells treated with S-nitrosocysteine a rapid decrease in PKC activity in both cytosol and membrane was observed. Unlike in experiments with purified PKC, in intact cells treated with S-nitrosocysteine the phorbol ester binding also decreased to a rate equal to that of PKC activity. These modifications were readily reversed by treating the homogenates with dithiothreitol in test tubes or by removing the NO-generating source from intact cells. To determine whether the limited amounts of NO generated within the intact cells could induce this type of PKC modification, the macrophage cell line IC-21 was treated with lipopolysacharide and Ca2+ ionophore A23187 to induce the NO production. With an increase in generation of NO (3-12-h period) in these cells, a parallel and irreversible decrease in PKC activity and phorbol ester binding was observed. A specific inhibitor for NO synthase, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, inhibited both the production of NO and PKC inactivation. In experiments using purified enzyme or intact cells there was no decrease in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Conceivably, NO production for limited time induces a reversible inactivation of PKC due to the formation of a disulfide bridge(s), whereas the chronic production of NO could induce irreversible inactivation of PKC. The reversible or irreversible inactivations of PKC may in part influence NO-mediated cytoprotective or cytotoxic actions, respectively.
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PMID:Nitric oxide and nitric oxide-generating agents induce a reversible inactivation of protein kinase C activity and phorbol ester binding. 826 58

Internalization of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) requires two receptors, the uPA receptor (uPAR) and the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)/alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) receptor. Here, we address whether protein kinases are involved in the internalization of uPA by human melanoma cells. Initially, we found that the internalization of uPA was significantly inhibited by the serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine, K-252a and H-89, but not by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and lavendustin A. Internalization of uPA was also inhibited by a pseudosubstrate peptide for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), but not by a pseudosubstrate peptide for protein kinase C. We confirmed a requirement for PKA-activity and implicated a specific isoform by using an antisense oligonucleotide against the regulatory subunit RI alpha of PKA which suppresses PKA-I activity. Exposure of cells to this oligonucleotide led to a specific, dose-dependent decrease in RI alpha protein and to a significant inhibition in the rate of uPA internalization. We further demonstrate that treatment of melanoma cells with either H-89 or PKA RI alpha antisense oligonucleotides also resulted in a decreased internalization of two other ligands of LRP, activated alpha2M and lactoferrin, indicating that PKA activity is associated with LRP. Finally, we demonstrate that PKA activity is also required for the internalization of transferrin, but not for the internalization of the epidermal growth factor or adenovirus 2, suggesting that in melanoma cells, PKA activity is not generally required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but is rather associated with specific internalization receptors.
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PMID:Receptor-mediated endocytosis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator is regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 921 25

In melanocytes and in melanoma cells, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-elevating agents stimulate melanogenesis and increase the transcription of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. However, two other enzymes, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) and TRP2, are required for a normal melanization process leading to eumelanin synthesis. In B16 melanoma cells, we demonstrated that stimulation of melanogenesis by cAMP-elevating agents results in an increase in tyrosinase, TRP1, and TRP2 expression. cAMP, through a cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway, stimulates TRP1 and TRP2 promoter activities in both B16 mouse melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes. Regulation of the TRP1 and TRP2 promoters by cAMP involves a M box and an E box. Further, a classical cAMP response element-like motif participates in the cAMP responsiveness of the TRP2 promoter, demonstrating that the TRP2 gene is subjected to different regulatory processes, which could account for its different expression patterns during embryonic development or under specific physiological and pathological conditions. We also found that microphthalmia, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, strongly stimulates the transcriptional activities of the TRP1 and TRP2 promoters, mainly through binding to the M boxes. Additionally, we demonstrated that cAMP increases microphthalmia expression and thereby its binding to TRP1 and TRP2 M boxes. These convergent and compelling results disclose at least a part of the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of melanogenic gene expression by cAMP and emphasize the pivotal role of microphthalmia in this process.
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PMID:Different cis-acting elements are involved in the regulation of TRP1 and TRP2 promoter activities by cyclic AMP: pivotal role of M boxes (GTCATGTGCT) and of microphthalmia. 944 65

The cAMP-dependent pathway has been long presumed to play a critical role in mediating alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced pigmentation, but it has never been demonstrated that this pathway is obligatory. In order to determine whether the cAMP-dependent pathway is required for a alpha-MSH-induced pigmentation, we inhibited the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), the main kinase mediating in this pathway, by introducing a physiologic cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) into S91 murine melanoma cells and then measuring pigment response after alpha-MSH stimulation. Cells were stably transfected either with the pMXX-PKI expression vector that encodes the active part of PKI (the amino terminal 1-31 amino acids) under a metallothionein-inducible promoter and the pSV2-Neo expression vector alone. As expected, treatment of transfected cells with 1 microM CdCl2 for 24 h induced the expression of PKI mRNA in cells transfected with both vectors, but not in cells transfected with the pSV2-Neo expression vector alone. Subsequent treatment of these transfected cells with alpha-MSH for 5-6 days in the continual presence of 1 microM CdCl2 resulted in inhibition of PKA activity by 30-40% in cells expressing PKI. Parallel measurements revealed that alpha-MSH-increased melanin content five- to six-fold in control cells transfected with pSV2-Neo alone, while there was only a two-fold increase in PKI-expressing cells, a 40-50% inhibition in alpha-MSH-induced total melanin content. alpha-MSH-induced tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase mRNA and protein levels measured in parallel were also inhibited by 40-50% in PKI-expressing cells compared to control cells transfected with pSV2-Neo alone. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time that activation of PKA through the cAMP-dependent pathway is required for optimal alpha-MSH-induced pigmentation.
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PMID:Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is required for optimal alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced pigmentation. 977 Mar 55

Previous studies from our laboratories demonstrated that a peptide from the noncollagenous domain of the alpha3 chain of basement membrane collagen (COL IV), comprising residues 185-203, inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and melanoma cell proliferation; this property requires the presence of the triplet -SNS- in residues 189-191 (Monboisse et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269, 25475, 1994; Han et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272, 20395, 1997). In the present study, we demonstrate that whole native COL IV and -SNS- containing synthetic peptides (10 microg/ml) added to culture medium inhibit the proliferation of not only melanoma cells, but also breast-, pancreas- and stomach-tumor cells up to 67%, and prostate tumor cells by 15%. ALC-COL IV at 5 microg/ml was shown to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation maximally at 69% and the alpha3(IV)185-203 peptide inhibited proliferation (62%) maximally at 10 microg/ml. Treatment of the alpha3(IV)185-203 peptide with either a specific mAb or a polyclonal antibody, prepared against the sequence alpha3(IV)179-208, decreased the ability of the peptide to inhibit cell proliferation by 97%, while treatment of ALC-COL IV with the same antibodies inhibited proliferation by 44%. Exposure of the above tumor cells to COL IV or the peptides resulted in an increase of intracellular cAMP that was inhibited by prior treatment of the protein with the above antibodies. To investigate the role of cAMP in the inhibition of cell proliferation, cAMP analogs and inhibitors were used. cAMP analogs mimicked the inhibitory effect of the peptide. Rp-cAMPS, a cAMP competitive inhibitor, suppressed the inhibitory effect of ALC-COL IV and of the cAMP analogs. The protein kinase-A inhibitor H-89 blocked the ability of ALC-COL IV and of the alpha3(IV)185-203 peptide to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. These data suggest that ALC-COL IV, through its alpha3(IV) chain, inhibits tumor cell proliferation utilizing a signal transduction pathway which includes cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase(s).
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PMID:Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by type IV collagen requires increased levels of cAMP. 1077 43


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