Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Killing of autologous melanoma (auto-Me) was obtained with pooled allostimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in 34/42 cases and found not to be due to a cross-reactivity between melanoma and allogeneic normal antigens. To see whether generation of tumour cytotoxic PBL by allostimulation was due to release of IL-2, PBL from 34 patients were divided into two aliquots and stimulated either by alloantigens or IL-2. Allostimulated PBL were cytotoxic for auto-Me in 30/34 cases (85%) whereas IL-2 generated tumour cytotoxic cells in 22/34 cases (64%). Lysis of K562, a target for monitoring NK-like activity, was obtained in 95-100% of cases with both stimuli. A similar frequency of OKT3+, OKT4+, OKT8+ and HNK1+ cells was found in PBL activated by allostimulation and IL-2, whereas a higher frequency of OKM1+ cells was evident in IL-2-stimulated PBL. Cold-target competition studies indicated that allostimulation generated at least two different types of effectors, one lytic to auto-Me but not to K562, and the other which lysed both targets. Allostimulated, FACS-separated T3- cells killed both auto-Me and K562 cells whereas T3+ cells lysed only auto-Me. It is concluded that allostimulation generated two subpopulations of auto-Me killer cells, one of the T lineage and the other NK-like, which both can destroy auto-Me targets.
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PMID:Allostimulation of patients' lymphocytes generates both T and NK-like cells cytotoxic for autologous melanoma. 316 Mar 80

Clinical investigations using the adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) to treat patients with advanced cancer have yielded encouraging results. We have thus sought ways to enhance the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy while minimizing its toxic side effects. Murine experiments have identified tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as killer cells more effective than LAK cells and less dependent on adjunctive systemically administered IL-2 to mediate antitumor effects. Accordingly, we performed a pilot protocol to investigate the feasibility and practicality of administering IL-2-expanded TIL to humans with metastatic cancers. Twelve patients, including six with melanoma, four with renal cell carcinoma, one with breast carcinoma, and one with colon carcinoma, were treated with varying doses and combinations of TIL (8.0 X 10(9) to 2.3 X 10(11) cells per patient), IL-2 (10,000 to 100,000 U/kg three times daily to dose-limiting toxicity), and cyclophosphamide (CPM) (up to 50 mg/kg). Two partial responses (PR) to therapy were observed: pulmonary and mediastinal masses regressed in a patient with melanoma, and a lymph node mass regressed in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. One additional patient with breast cancer experienced a partial regression of disease in lymph nodal and cutaneous sites with complete elimination of malignant cells from a pleural effusion, although cutaneous disease recurred at 4 weeks. The toxicities of therapy were similar to those ascribed to IL-2; no toxic effects were directly attributable to TIL infusions. In five of six melanoma patients, TIL demonstrated lytic activity specific for the autologous tumor target in short-term chromium-release assays, distinct from the nonspecific lytic activity characteristic of LAK cells. This study represents an initial attempt to identify and use lymphocyte subsets with enhanced tumoricidal capacity in the adoptive immunotherapy of human malignancies.
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PMID:Immunotherapy of patients with advanced cancer using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2: a pilot study. 325 61

Addition of IL-4 (1,000 U/ml) to either high or low concentrations of IL-2 augmented tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) growth from human melanoma. Weekly restimulation with irradiated tumor cells in conjunction with IL-4 allowed enhanced growth of TIL. With low-dose IL-2 (10 U/ml) and IL-4, expanded TIL had little cytolytic activity against Daudi or allogeneic tumors. Further, IL-4 augmented the total lytic activity against autologous tumors in most cases. With high-dose IL-2 (1,000 U/ml), IL-4 addition decreased nonspecific killing activity against Daudi or allogeneic melanomas in many cases, and reciprocally augmented cytolytic activity against the autologous melanoma in many cases. This suggests the possible use of IL-4 in cancer therapy, especially in adoptive cellular immunotherapy using TIL or in conjunction with IL-2 administration.
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PMID:Interleukin 4 promotes the growth of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes cytotoxic for human autologous melanoma. 326 24

There are two strategies for evaluating the antitumor effect of IL-2. In the first approach IL-2 has been used to support the proliferation of T-effector cells or LAK cells in vitro in the hope that large quantities of these effector cells can be used therapeutically. This approach has shown some efficacy in animal models if LAK cells are administered in combination with IL-2. However, it is extremely difficult to standardize the numbers of lymphocytes and the biological activity of effector cells for clinical use. Recently the cloning of IL-2 has made available large quantities of purified recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) for preclinical and clinical trials. Accordingly there have been recent attempts at injecting rIL-2 directly to stimulate effector cells in vivo. In this study, in vivo and in vitro augmentation of the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes against syngeneic B-16 melanoma cells (induction of LAK cells) and the suppression of artificial pulmonary and liver metastases of B-16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice was tried by subcutaneous multiple injections of high-dose human rIL-2. In addition, the immunosuppressive effect of a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative (ACNU) was determined in terms of the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes, and the restoring effect of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and/or human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on the cytotoxicities of spleen lymphocytes were examined in ACNU-treated C57 BL/6 mice. It was also tested whether the administration of LAK cells and/or rIL-2 could reduce the increased numbers of pulmonary metastases in ACNU-treated mice. The cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes against YAC-1 cells as well as against syngeneic B-16 and F-10 melanoma cells was augmented not only by incubation of spleen lymphocytes with human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in vitro but also by injecting high-dose rIL-2 into C57BL/6 mice for more than 3 consecutive days. In animals injected with multiple high doses of rIL-2 subcutaneously, the numbers of tumor nodules in the lung were significantly decreased 21 days after intravenous tumor inoculation. In addition, in these groups of animals no liver metastases were observed although liver metastases were detected in 6/11 of control mice. The maximum effective dose of ACNU suppressed the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes and pretreatment with ACNU enhanced the induction of artificial pulmonary metastases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Strategy of cancer treatment using human recombinant interleukin 2 and lymphokine activated killer cells]. 348 26

Our earlier work revealed that PGE-mediated inactivation of NK cells in tumor-bearing mice by host macrophages promoted spontaneous lung metastasis that could be prevented or ameliorated by chronic indomethacin therapy. Since PGE was found to suppress the in vitro development and/or activation of a family of tumoricidal lymphocytes such as CTL, NK, and LAK cells by one or both of two mechanisms, that is to say, a down regulation of IL-2-R and an inhibition of IL-2 production, the present study tested whether a combined therapy with indomethacin and IL-2 was more effective than one with indomethacin or IL-2 alone in ameliorating established experimental lung metastasis. B6 mice injected intravenously with 10(6) highly metastatic B16F10 melanoma cells showed profuse micrometastases in the lungs by day 5, and macrometastases by day 10 which were confluent on day 21. Chronic indomethacin therapy by the oral route (14 micrograms/ml in drinking water) starting on day 0 or day 5, or a single round of IL-2 therapy (25,000 U rIL-2, every 8 h for 5 d on days 10-14) reduced the number of metastatic nodules by two-thirds (from a median of 473 in control mice receiving vehicles alone) by day 21. A single round of IL-2 as above, combined with either protocol of indomethacin therapy, completely or nearly completely irradicated the lung metastases, corroborated by a histological examination. An evaluation of splenic killer cell activity measured with a 4-h 51Cr-release assay against NK-sensitive YAC-1 lymphoma and B16F10 melanoma or NK-resistant thymic lymphoma 9705 targets revealed negligible activity in control tumor-bearing mice, and a good restoration of activity against NK-sensitive targets with either protocols of indomethacin therapy. IL-2 alone or a combination of IL-2 and indomethacin given by either protocol generated strong killer activity against all these targets, most marked with the combination therapy. Splenic killer cell phenotype in normal as well as all treated animals was ASGM1+, Thy-1-, and Lyt-2-. The combination therapy resulted in the strongest mononuclear cell infiltration in the lungs, with areas of young granulation tissue suggestive of repair sites of original metastases.
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PMID:Amelioration of B16F10 melanoma lung metastasis in mice by a combination therapy with indomethacin and interleukin 2. 349 67

We have attempted to optimize the production of stable human cytolytic T lymphocyte clones directed against autologous melanoma cell lines. MLTC were restimulated every week with irradiated melanoma cells in medium containing human serum and IL-2. After 21 to 35 days, in 5 out of 6 patients, these cultures expressed a preferential cytolytic activity against the autologous melanoma cells, as compared to autologous EBV-B cells or NK target K562. Limiting dilution of MLTC responder cells was performed at times varying from days 7 to 28, in medium containing IL-2 and allogeneic EBV-B cells as feeders. Approximately 1% of these responder cells gave rise to CTL clones that lysed the autologous melanoma cells, but did not lyse K562 or autologous B cells. It was possible to maintain in culture for several months a large number of CTL clones that retained this specificity with high activity, and multiplied more than 5-fold every week. Some of these CTL clones were dependent on the presence of the autologous melanoma cells for their growth. With one melanoma, the use of autologous CTL clones made it possible to identify 3 different antigens on the tumor cells.
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PMID:Production of stable cytolytic T-cell clones directed against autologous human melanoma. 349 26

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to human melanoma have demonstrated a limited ability to cause tumor regression in humans when used alone or when coupled to gamma-emitting radioisotopes. We have evaluated heteroaggregates containing antilymphocyte antibodies crosslinked to antimelanoma monoclonal antibodies recognizing p97, a transferrin-like molecule (MoAb 96.5). When coupled to antibodies recognizing T3 (CD3, part of the T-cell receptor complex for antigen) or to 3G8, an antibody recognizing the Fc receptor present on large granular lymphocytes and granulocytes (CD16), significant induction of effector target crosslinks and target cell lysis could be obtained. Effector cells incubated for 24 hr with recombinant IL-2 were coated with the crosslinked reagents and tested for conjugate formation and for cytotoxicity in a 4-hr assay with chromium-labeled targets. Marked increases in conjugation to autologous tumor (47.0% compared to 11.8%) was demonstrated with E+ cells using the T3-coupled MoAb and with E- cells using the Fc receptor-coupled MoAb (22.6% compared to 11.2%). When tested in sequential cytotoxicity assays using unseparated effector cells incubated for 1, 2, and 3 days in IL-2, lytic activity was less than 2, less than 2, and 3.3 LU/10(6) cells for cells incubated in monomeric 96.5; 2.6, 5.3, and 50 LU/10(6) cells incubated in 96.5 crosslinked T3; and less than 2, 3.6, and 8.0 LU/10(6) cells for cells incubated with 96.5 crosslinked to 3G8. Similar findings were noted in two other experiments. Heteroaggregates such as these may be useful in conjunction with the transfer of IL-2-activated cells or with IL-2 alone in immunotherapy trials.
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PMID:Specific binding and lysis of human melanoma by IL-2-activated cells coated with anti-T3 or anti-Fc receptor cross-linked to antimelanoma antibody: a possible approach to the immunotherapy of human tumors. 349 99

We have shown that two weakly immunogenic MCA sarcomas developed in our laboratory that are sensitive to high-dose IL-2 immunotherapy express class I MHC in vivo and in vitro. Two nonimmunogenic MCA sarcomas are relatively insensitive to IL-2 therapy and express minimal or no class I MHC molecules in vivo and in vitro. To study the role of MHC in the therapy of tumors with IL-2, a class I-deficient murine melanoma, B16BL6, was transfected with the Kb class I gene. Expression of class I MHC rendered B16BL6 advanced pulmonary macrometastases sensitive to IL-2 immunotherapy. 3-d micrometastases of CL8-2, a class I transfected clone of B16BL6, were significantly more sensitive to IL-2 therapy than a control nontransfected line. Expression of Iak, a class II MHC molecule, had no effect on IL-2 therapy of transfectant pulmonary micrometastases in F1 mice. By using lymphocyte subset depletion with mAbs directed against Lyt-2, therapy of class I transfectant macrometastases with high-dose IL-2 was shown to involve an Lyt-2 cell. In contrast, regression of micrometastases treated with low-dose IL-2 involved Lyt-2+ cells, but regression mediated by high doses of IL-2 did not. We hypothesize that both LAK and Lyt-2+ T cells effect IL-2-mediated elimination of micrometastases, but only Lyt-2+ T cells are involved in macrometastatic regression. Low doses of IL-2 stimulate Lyt-2+ cells to eliminate class I-expressing micrometastases, but high doses of IL-2 can recruit LAK cells to mediate regression of micrometastases independent of class I expression. Only high-dose IL-2, mediating its effect predominantly via Lyt-2+ cells, is capable of impacting on MHC class I-expressing macrometastases. Macrometastases devoid of class I MHC antigens appear to be resistant to IL-2 therapy.
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PMID:Immunotherapy of a murine tumor with interleukin 2. Increased sensitivity after MHC class I gene transfection. 350 Feb 65

Natural killer activity against K562 targets and recombinant interleukin-2 induced cytotoxicity to NK resistant targets (MEL-4 and T24) was investigated in 15 melanoma patients. Before elective surgery no differences in cytotoxic activities were demonstrated when compared with patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and controls. No correlation with the depth of the melanoma lesion was observed. Numbers of precursors of IL-2 induced killers in melanoma patients were in normal range. In conclusion, no defects in non-specific NK and IL-2 induced behavior in peripheral blood of melanoma patients were found. Other factors, specific, non-specific, related or unrelated to the tumor side should be thus considered.
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PMID:Effect of human recombinant interleukin-2 on cytotoxic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in melanoma patients before surgery. 350 Jun 90

Evidence for heterogeneity of several biological features of human malignant melanoma (Me) like morphology, cytogenetics, oncogenes activation, antigenic expression, metastatizing capacity and procoagulant activity are briefly reviewed in an attempt to distinguish findings related to primary vs. metastatic lesions. In our own studies monoclonal antibodies were used to study expression of MHC class I, class II products and of Me-associated antigens (MAA) on primary and metastatic Me cells. High expression of class I antigens was found in a high percentage of both primary and metastatic tumors, whereas DR and MAA showed a significant variation (from 3 to 90% of cells) in expression both in primary and in metastatic Me. When autologous cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated, it was found that Me cells from primary tumors but not those from lymph node metastases were able to stimulate autologous lymphocytes to proliferate and become cytotoxic for autologous Me. Clonal analysis of cytotoxic lymphocytes was then carried out in order to see whether the lack of lymphocytes reactivity to metastatic cells was due to the absence or to a low frequency of cytotoxic cells in the unstimulated PBL. CTL clones cytotoxic for autologous Me (Auto-Me) cells were indeed isolated. Three classes of CTL clones were identified: 1) one which is cytotoxic for Auto-Me; 2) a second one which lyse Auto-Me and allogeneic Me; and 3) a third one which is cytotoxic for Auto-Me and allogeneic normal and neoplastic cells. Metastatic Me cells, however, had the ability to suppress the stimulation of autologous PBL by alloantigens or IL-2. This effect was dose-dependent and was not due to absorption of IL-2 by Me cells. Since it has been reported that Me cells express class II MHC antigens, we investigated whether there was any correlation between autologous immune responses and DR expression on Me cells. Autologous lymphocytes stimulation was found to occur only with DR+ Me cells from primary lesions, whereas metastatic cells, either DR+ or DR-, did not stimulate autologous PBL. Moreover, the suppressive effect of metastatic Me cells was associated with their expression of DR antigens. The modulation of DR antigens on Me cells by Interferon-gamma correlated positively with their suppressive capacity. Thus, it appears that primary Me can behave differently from the metastatic one in their interactions with the immune system of autologous host. These findings suggest that DR antigens on Me cells may have an important role in the regulation of autologous immune responses.
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PMID:Autologous cellular immune response to primary and metastatic human melanomas and its regulation by DR antigens expressed on tumor cells. 388 84


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