Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several pre-malignant diseases are known to have a genetic etiology. This study focuses attention upon precancerous disorders wherein the mode of inheritance is either well established or wherein it remains unclear even though familial aggregation of the particular diseases have been amply documented. These conditions will be discussed as useful models for systematic investigations of the host etiologic component in carcinogenesis. Our survey of hereditary precancerous syndromes includes multiple polyposis of the coli, the multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome, the Cancer Family Syndrome, Sipple's syndrome, Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosus, the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, familial cutaneous malignant melanoma, and carcinoma of the breast. We have emphasized the heterogeneous character of many forms of familial cancer. Familial breast cancer associations clearly show such heterogeneity, as do colon cancer syndromes. Certain of these precancerous states are characterized by phenotypes which are clinically apparent, polyposis coli being the classic example. Others, such as Sipple's syndrome are amenable to routine screening for biochemical markers. The bulk of putative genetic cancer-predisposing problems require further basic investigation of modes of inheritance. Cancer control may be enhanced through communication of useful genetic and diagnostic information to primary care physicians. Referral of cancer clusters of possible genetic etiology from clinicians to human geneticists facilitates the necessary basic research.
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PMID:Familial cancer syndromes: a survey. 40 22

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare inherited, heterogeneous syndrome with pigment anomalies, sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms and abnormal self protecting systems (SPS). The transmittence is autosomal-recessive. 50 percent of XP patients gets melanoma and 15 percent have neurological abnormalities. Clinical differentiation, determination of the DNA repair rate and cell fusion studies allow the differentiation of 6 complementation groups including De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome and the XP variant typ. Pigmented Xerodermoid is a special form. Cytogenetic studies give evidences for the model character of XP for UV carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Xeroderma pigmentosum: heterogeneous syndrome and model for UV carcinogenesis. 71 83

Sociopolitical and economic climates between 1950 and 1975 favored the funding of cancer research, attracted imaginative policy makers, encouraged investigators, and generated new knowledge for clinical application. Important advances during this period include the discovery that DNA alteration is requisite for carcinogenesis and that DNA repair processes are important deterrents in the development of cancer. The better understanding of the histogenesis of epidermal cancer and melanoma has potential clinical value. More easily grasped is the progress made in the therapeutic control of mycosis fungoides and epidermal cancer. Complete control of epidermal cancer is now a foreseeable reality.
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PMID:Cutaneous oncology 1950-1975. 77 91

Contemporary clinical research is actively engaged at the conquest of residual neoplastic disease. The preliminary results of combined treatment modalities for osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, breast cancer, malignant melanoma and Hodgkin's disease have shown a significant decrease in the incidence of distant metastases. In some neoplasias the decreased relapse rate was associated to improved survival. Since the problem of long-term carcinogenesis does exist, the use of prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy, at present moment, is best limited to patients at high risk of early relapse when treated only with local or local-regional modalities.
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PMID:Treatment of residual neoplastic disease in solid tumours. 106 17

Following exposure to ultraviolet irradiation (UV), two of three human fibroblast strains and one of three melanoma cell lines showed lower rates of thymine dimer excision during 24 h at 40 degrees C than at 36 degrees C. All lines had lower rates at 32 degrees C. Autoradiographic studies of three fibroblast strains and four melanoma lines incubated for four hours after irradiation revealed decreased unscheduled DNA synthesis at 42 degrees C compared with 36 degrees C. The rate of semiconservative DNA synthesis was decreased at the upper temperature in both series of experiments. All eight cell lines tested showed decreased repair at 42 degrees C, as judged by slower sedimentation and increased heterogeneity of parental DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. Experiments using the DNA synthesis inhibitor Actinomycin D suggested that these effects were due to temperature-sensitive repair synthesis. In the two lines studied, preincubation of cells at 42 degrees C apparently increased the extent of UV damage. Although by no means conclusive, these results are consistent with the possibility that temperature-sensitive DNA repair is a contributory factor in some cases of solar carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Temperature-sensitive DNA repair of ultraviolet damage in human cell lines. 125 53

The distribution of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity in extracts of tumors from 74 patients was measured. The results demonstrated that there was considerable variation of MGMT activity in different human tumor tissues as well as in different individuals. The mean values (X +/- SD, pmol/mg of protein) in breast cancer, stomach cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, brain tumors, colon carcinoma and malignant melanoma were 1.071 +/- 0.374 (9), 0.515 +/- 0.107 (5), 0.509 +/- 0.251 (5), 0.461 +/- 0.227 (24), 0.329 +/- 0.246 (5), 0.273 +/- 0.376 (5), 0.244 +/- 0.175 (14), 0.242 +/- 0.308 (5) and 0.201 +/- 0.161 (2) respectively. It was notable that six samples (1/24 non-small cell lung cancer, 3/5 esophageal carcinoma, 1/14 brain tumors and 1/5 colon carcinoma) did not have any detectable level of MGMT activity. Activity of glutamine pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was also measured in the same extracts used for the assay of MGMT activity. The activity of GPT in these samples with undetectable level of MGMT activity was similar to those with significant MGMT activity. These results further strengthen the assumption that a certain fraction of human tumors are Mer-.
Carcinogenesis 1992 Sep
PMID:O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in human tumors. 139 31

The therapeutic uses of naturally occurring psoralens in modern-day medicine (8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and a few other synthetic psoralens) have evolved through five stages of development. (1) In the historical period (2000 BC to 1930 AD), the pigment-stimulating properties of naturally occurring plants containing psoralens were described anecdotally. (2) The second period (1930-1960) dealing with the chemistry of psoralens involved extraction, identification of their structure, synthesis, and the relationship between chemical structure and their photoreactivity and pigment-stimulating properties. The treatment of vitiligo with oral and topical 8-MOP became popular. (3) In the third period (1960-1974), we witnessed a new beginning and the growth of basic science studies and clinical investigations into various biological properties of psoralens including action spectrum studies, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis studies, in vitro and in vivo photoreactivity studies of various psoralens with DNA, RNA, proteins, and pharmacological and toxicological studies in vitiligo patients undergoing long-term therapy for repigmentation. (4) The fourth period (1974-1988) is recognized as the period of photochemotherapy and the development of the science of photomedicine which established the therapeutic effectiveness of psoralens in combination with newly developed UV irradiation systems that emitted high-intensity UVA radiation in the treatment of severe psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, and over 16 other skin diseases. The effectiveness of PUVA (psoralen + UVA) was confirmed by well controlled clinical trials in thousands of patients, both in the USA and in European countries. Combination therapy with oral retinoids and PUVA contributed to greater effectiveness and long-term safety of psoralen photochemotherapy. (5) In the fifth period (1989 and beyond), psoralens are now emerging as photochemoprotective agents against non-melanoma skin cancers and as immunologic modifiers in the management of certain patients with disorders of circulating T-cells using new techniques of photopheresis. In the final analysis, perhaps the application of pharmacological and therapeutic concepts and principles of using psoralens in combination with UVA has contributed to the development of a new science of photomedicine in which the interaction between basic scientists, photobiologists, and physicians has produced both basic and new clinical knowledge for the care and control of human suffering.
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PMID:The evolution of photochemotherapy with psoralens and UVA (PUVA): 2000 BC to 1992 AD. 143 83

Primary cutaneous melanomas can be induced in inbred mice by applying a dose of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to the skin of 4-day-old mice, and then applying repeated doses of a tumor promoter to the same site over a long period of time. Preliminary experiments suggest that the final incidence of melanomas is strongly influenced by the age at which the initiating dose of carcinogen is applied. Melanomas induced by this method in C3H mice are immunogenic and exhibit a high degree of cross-reactivity when tested by immunization and challenge in vivo. Exposing the mice to ultraviolet (UV) radiation during carcinogenesis dramatically accelerates the appearance of melanoma. We are attempting to determine how UV radiation potentiates melanoma induction by studying the growth of melanoma cells transplanted into UV-irradiated skin. Our studies suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the outgrowth of melanoma cells by means of a local, immunosuppressive effect on the skin. However, this effect is distinct from the ability of UV irradiation to alter epidermal Langerhans cells and interfere with the induction of contact hypersensitivity responses. We postulate that UV irradiation augments melanoma development by interfering with the efferent arm of the immune response in the UV-irradiated site.
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PMID:Immunobiology of primary murine melanomas. 144 9

The purpose of this study was to determine the carcinogenic effect in male rats of a single i.v. injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) after sequential treatment with cyproterone acetate (for 21 days) and testosterone propionate (for 3 days). This treatment has previously been shown to induce carcinomas of the prostate and other male accessory sex glands. A wide spectrum of non-melanoma skin tumors was found in 38-48% of Wistar (Cpb:WU) rats given this sequential treatment, but only in 5% of rats that received only MNU. Castration long and, particularly, early after MNU markedly reduced this skin tumor response to a 10-13% incidence. The skin tumorigenic efficacy of MNU was dependent on the time between the start of the testosterone propionate treatment and carcinogen administration: MNU injection after 48-50 or 60-63 h induced skin tumors in 17-21% of Wistar rats, whereas injection after 72-74 h induced a 48% incidence. The Fischer F344 and Sprague-Dawley strains were not very sensitive to induction of skin tumors by this approach. Thyroid follicular cell tumors were also induced by MNU only after the hormonal pretreatment, and their induction was influenced by the time of MNU injection as well. The time of MNU injection and rat strain used did not significantly influence the induction of sebaceous-squamous neoplasms of the ear-duct/Zymbal's glands or other tumors. These data indicate that endogenous androgens are critically involved in the later stages of rat skin tumorigenesis and suggest that androgen-induced cell proliferation influences the initiation stage of this process and, possibly, of thyroid tumorigenesis.
Carcinogenesis 1992 Apr
PMID:Induction of skin and thyroid tumors in male rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea after sequential treatment with cyproterone acetate and testosterone propionate: effects of castration, rat strain and time of carcinogen injection. 153 74

There have been a series of reports on the association of a genetic polymorphism at the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene locus with cancer susceptibility. Many of these reports have remained contradictory either because of small numbers of patients studied or because of the limitations and controversy surrounding the pharmacokinetic assay used to identify affected individuals (poor metabolizers; PMs). We have recently developed a DNA-based assay that will allow the unequivocal identification of poor metabolizers and have applied this to the study of 1635 patients with different forms of cancer. Out of 361 lung cancer patients studied no statistically significant change in the proportion of PMs relative to controls was found. However, a significant increase in the proportion of poor metabolizers or heterozygotes was seen in leukaemia, bladder cancer and melanoma patients. This could be explained by a role for CYP2D6 in carcinogen detoxification or by linkage to another cancer-causing gene.
Carcinogenesis 1992 Jun
PMID:Relationship between the debrisoquine hydroxylase polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. 160 Jun 8


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