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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The 'octamer' sequence, ATGCAAAT or its complement ATTTGCAT, is a key element for the transcriptional regulation of immunoglobulin genes in B-lymphocytes as well as a number of housekeeping genes in all cell types. In lymphocytes, the octamer-binding protein Oct-2A and variants thereof are thought to contribute to the B-cell specific gene expression, while the ubiquitous protein Oct-1 seems to control general octamer site-dependent transcription. Various other genes, for example interleukin-1 and MHC class II genes, contain an octamer sequence in the promoter and are expressed in cells of both the immune and nervous systems. This prompted us to analyze the octamer-binding proteins in the latter cells. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, at least six novel octamer binding proteins were detected in nuclear extracts of cultured mouse astrocytes. These proteins are differentially expressed in human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. The nervous system-derived (N-Oct) proteins bound to the octamer DNA sequence in a manner which is indistinguishable from the Oct-1 and Oct-2A proteins. The relationship of the N-Oct proteins to Oct-1 and Oct-2A was analyzed by proteolytic clipping bandshift assays and by their reactivity towards antisera raised against recombinant Oct-1 and Oct-2A proteins. On the basis of these assays, all N-Oct-factors were found to be distinct from the ubiquitous Oct-1 and the lymphoid-specific Oct-2A proteins. In melanoma cells that contain the N-Oct-3 factor, a transfected lymphocyte-specific promoter was neither activated nor was it repressed upon contransfection with an Oct-2A expression vector. We therefore speculate that N-Oct-3 and other N-Oct factors have a specific role in gene expression in cells of the nervous system.
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PMID:Astrocytes and glioblastoma cells express novel octamer-DNA binding proteins distinct from the ubiquitous Oct-1 and B cell type Oct-2 proteins. 221 22

The successful use of iodine-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I-131-MIBG) scintigraphy for diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma stimulated investigation into its diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness in other neural crest tumours. It appears that there is a difference in capacity to absorb I-131-MIBG between the different tumour types. In I-131-MIBG scintigraphy of carcinoids there are more false negative results in comparison with phaeochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. Melanoma, also a neural crest tumor, turned out to be false negative in 100% of the cases reported until 1989. The authors present a case of a malignant melanoma with metastases in liver and stomach, concentrating I-131-MIBG. Biochemical examination demonstrated that this particular tumour was metabolically very active. It is suggested that the I-131-MIBG-positive scintigram of the melanoma may be related to the level of metabolic activity. By biochemical screening in proven cases of malignant melanoma it may be possible to select cases in which I-131-MIBG scintigraphy is worthwhile with a view to therapeutic application of I-131-MIBG.
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PMID:[Scintigraphy using I 131 iodobenzylguanidine and malignant melanomas]. 223 80

Since May 1979, 47 patients with pediatric malignancy aged 1 to 18 years (median: 7) were treated with cryopreserved autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in the department of pediatrics, National Cancer Center Hospital. The malignancies were acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (n = 8), acute lymphocytic leukemia (n = 5), osteosarcoma (n = 7), neuroblastoma (n = 6), brain tumor (n = 5), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 4), retinoblastoma (n = 3), Ewing's sarcoma (n = 3), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 2), malignant histiocytosis (n = 1), hepatoblastoma (n = 1), malignant melanoma (n = 1) and malignant neuroepithelioma (n = 1). Conditioning regimens for solid tumors were multi-agent high-dose chemotherapy, mainly consisted of cyclophosphamide (CY) 120 mg/kg or melphalan 180mg/m2 and that for hematological malignancies were CY with fractionated total body irradiation (12 Gy). In vitro purging by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide was performed in 12 leukemia patients and 5 solid tumor patients. Of the 13 patients with acute leukemia, 1 died from relapse 1 year after the unpurged marrow transplantation and 1 relapsed in the testis. Remaining 11 patients are alive in continuous complete remission with a median follow up of 30 months (range, 2 to 65 months) after transplantation. The disease-free survival rate of them was 78%. Of the 34 patients with solid tumor, 21 patients died, their cause of death were relapse in 18 and each one of infection, graft failure and brain hemorrhage. Thirteen patients are alive without disease with a median follow up of 28 months (range, 2 to 107 months) posttransplant. The longest survivor is a brain tumor girl, and there are 5 other long survivors; 2 of them are osteosarcoma and each one of rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and malignant histiocytosis. The disease-free survival rate of total 34 solid tumor patients is 29%, but that of 17 patients who received ABMT in responsive and minimum tumor residue (MTR) period was 69%. These results suggest that autologous bone marrow transplantation is an effective and tolerable treatment for poor prognostic pediatric malignancies, especially for acute leukemia and such solid tumor as that in MTR state.
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PMID:[Autologous bone marrow transplantation in pediatric cancer]. 226 Aug 67

Two patients presented with primary meningiomas arising in the paranasal sinuses. Despite nonspecific symptoms, both patients had extensive local clinical disease. One patient had a lateral rhinotomy with total removal of tumor; he has remained well for 3 years. The second patient, who was not a surgical candidate because of her cerebrovascular disease, was identified retrospectively. Her tumor was not originally studied using current day morphologic methods. She was irradiated following a diagnosis of malignant tumor. The histologic features of nasal meningioma are similar to those of conventional intracranial lesions, including nuclear pseudoinclusions. Although the unusual location may suggest carcinoma, melanoma, or olfactory neuroblastoma, adjunctive use of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry can be combined to arrive at the correct diagnosis.
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PMID:Meningioma of the paranasal sinuses. A report of two cases. 229 84

Monoclonal antibodies (mAB) with tumor specificity are able to enhance the immunological specificity of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-activated lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. Antibodies may also be used to broaden the range of tumor types susceptible to immune mediated cytotoxicity by the activated LAK cells. In these studies, mAB with relative tumor specificity were used to target immunologically activated effector cells in an in vitro antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The mAB included: 3F8 and 14.G2a, which are both specific for neuroblastoma and melanoma and recognize ganglioside GD2, and mAB ING-1, a mouse-human chimeric antibody with constant regions from human IgG1 and kappa chains and variable regions from a mouse mAB that binds to a broad range of human adenocarcinomas. Each of these mAB was able to mediate ADCC with fresh effector cells and antibody binding targets. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from cancer patients prior to and following in vivo therapy with interleukin 2, a significant increase was noted in ADCC activity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained following IL-2 therapy. Inclusion of IL-2 in the medium during the cytotoxic assay with mAB further boosted ADCC. The total activity seen was often greater than the sum of the independent LAK activity and standard ADCC activity. The cells responsible for this ADCC had the CD16+ Fc receptor. Combining IL-2 with mAB in clinical tumor therapy may lead to a wider range of tumor types being responsive to immunotherapy and may also enhance the efficacy of therapy by specifically targeting activated effector cells to tumor cells recognized by mAB. Our results provide strong support for the testing of these hypotheses in clinical trials by combining in vivo treatment with IL-2 and mAB able to mediate ADCC.
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PMID:Augmentation of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity following in vivo therapy with recombinant interleukin 2. 238 33

An epithelial cell surface antigen is described which is defined by monoclonal antibody HEA125 (IgG1). The antibody was raised against the colon carcinoma cell line HT-29. Under reducing conditions HEA125 immunoprecipitates a surface glycoprotein of Mr 34,000 which was designated Egp34. The antigen does not contain disulfide-linked subunits. A slightly different migration behavior under non-reducing conditions (Mr 39,000) may be due to intrachain disulfide bonds. After enzymatic cleavage of N-linked carbohydrate residues the apparent molecular weight of the antigen was 29,000. Egp34 is a major cell surface component of HT-29 cells (10(6) molecules per cell). No antigen could be detected in the sera of colorectal cancer patients. A panel of malignant cell lines and normal cells was studied for surface expression of the antigen. 17/17 carcinoma lines of 6 different origins expressed the antigen, whereas 16/16 melanoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma and lymphoma/leukaemia were unreactive as it was the case for normal fibroblasts and blood cells. Immunoperoxidase staining of frozen tissue sections with HEA125 demonstrated the presence of Egp34 in almost all normal epithelia and tumours derived therefrom. No reactivity with non-epithelial tissues was observed. Undifferentiated carcinomas of various origins homogeneously expressed Egp34. Therefore, HEA125 may become a valuable tool for the immunohistochemical diagnosis of carcinoma.
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PMID:Epithelium-specific surface glycoprotein of Mr 34,000 is a widely distributed human carcinoma marker. 244 34

BALB/c mice were immunized with tyrosinase, partially purified in two stages from a human melanoma cell line. A hybridoma was obtained which produced monoclonal antibody (MoAb 1C11) reactive with 8/10 melanoma cell lines and 10/10 primary cultures of human melanocytes, neval cells, and melanomas. Immunoreactivity correlated to a certain extent with tyrosinase activity but not with melanin content. No crossreactivity was obtained with neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, lymphoid cells, or murine melanomas. Purification of the antigen directly from cell lysates with a MoAb 1C11 CNBr-Sepharose affinity column gave a green-brown protein of 56 kDa with no detectable tyrosinase activity. This protein was therefore different from 60 kDa active tyrosinase, identified by enzyme activity and Western blotting with a MoAb derived previously (MoAb 5C12). Unlike 5C12, 1C11 reactivity was not destroyed by pretreatment of the antigen with periodate. Immunogold labelling showed that the 1C11-reactive antigen was associated with melanosomes, and there was close correlation between 5C12 and 1C11 reactivity in resistance to trypsin and in staining various melanocytic cell populations. MoAb 1C11 may therefore recognise a polypeptide epitope in a molecule closely linked to melanin biosynthesis.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody against a melanosomal protein in melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cells. 247 76

In order to investigate GM2 expression in gliomas, the GM2-positive human glioma cell line (HGL) D-54 MG, which contains 0.6 nmol GM2/mg protein, representing 77% of the total monosialoganglioside fraction, was used as an immunogen for the production of anti-GM2 monoclonal antibodies. For ganglioside designations, see IUPAC-IUB (Eur. J. Biochem., 79: 11-21, 1977) and Svennerholm (J. Neurochem., 10: 613-623, 1963). Five IgM monoclonal antibodies (DMAb-1 through DMAb-5) specifically recognizing the GalNAc beta1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal-terminal epitope common to GM2 and GalNAC-GD1a are reported. The antibodies did not react with GM1, GM3, GD2, GD3, GD1a, GD1b, and GQ1b. Purified anti-GM2 MAbs were used to define the expression of the "GM2" terminal epitope by cultured human malignant and normal cells by radioimmunoassay and membrane immunofluorescence. Among neuroectodermal tissue-derived cell lines, DMAb-3, at an optimal concentration of 5 micrograms/ml, showed high reactivity (radioimmunoassay binding ratios greater than 20) with 9 of 19 HGLs, 3 of 5 medulloblastoma, 4 of 5 neuroblastoma, and 1 of 3 melanoma lines. Moderate reactivity (binding ratio, 10-20) was exhibited by 3 HGL, 2 medulloblastoma, and 1 neuroblastoma lines and low reactivity (binding ratio, 3-10) by 5 HGL lines; no reactivity was detected with 2 HGL and 2 melanoma lines. Densitometric evaluation of monosialoganglioside extracts from human glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines in conjunction with immunostaining on thin-layer chromatograms showed that GM2 represents the major monosialoganglioside in 8 of 10 HGL and in 3 of 4 Med lines. In these lines the amount of GM2 ranged from less than 0.1 to 0.6 nmol/mg protein. These results indicate that GM2 represents a proportionally increased ganglioside of most glioma, medulloblastoma, and neuroblastoma cells in vitro.
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PMID:Five new epitope-defined monoclonal antibodies reactive with GM2 and human glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines. 247 68

Esthesioneuroblastoma (ESTH) is a neuroepithelial-cell-derived neoplasm of the olfactory mucosa composed of homogeneous small round cells which contain neurosecretory granules. Melanin has been detected in such tumours only occasionally. Here we describe a new case of ESTH with divergent differentiation. The primary neoplasm was found in a 67 year-old female, involving the left nasal and maxillary sinus; she died of cerebral metastasis ten months after diagnosis. Histologically only small round cells were seen, with S-100 and NSE positivity. Electron microscopy revealed neurosecretory granules and filaments, as well as the occasional presence of melanosomes. A nude mice xenograft line has been established, and is presently in its ninth transfer. Two cell types are present: small round-to-spindle shaped cells with neural features, and large epithelial-like ones. Both immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirm this dual differentiation, with the presence of membrane-bound dense-core neural secretion, as well as melanosomes of neuroectodermal origin. Additionally, an in vitro cell line has been established. Cytogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of both malignant human melanoma patterns; non-random abnormalities in chromosomes 1 and 6, extra copies of chromosome 7. Duplication of the long arm of chromosome 14, as seen in olfactory neuroblastoma, is also seen.
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PMID:Pigmented esthesioneuroblastoma showing dual differentiation following transplantation in nude mice. An immunohistochemical, electron microscopical, and cytogenetic analysis. 249

1. The major functional role played by phosphorylation of plasma membrane proteins in the biological properties of tumor cells suggests that identification of protein kinases and their substrates will contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of the malignant process and of the aberrant behavior of tumor cells. 2. The present study has investigated the phosphorylation of surface proteins of human tumor cells. Incubation of plasma membranes isolated from cultured human melanoma cells with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and ethylene-bis-(oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) resulted in specific phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on a 75kDa protein (pp75). 3. Neither Ca2+ or EGTA alone, nor any other divalent metal ion tested could induce phosphorylation of pp75. 4. The phosphorylation of pp75 was directly dependent upon the presence of non-ionic detergents, and was influenced by length of incubation and concentration ratio of Ca2+ and EGTA. 5. Incubation of isolated plasma membranes with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and EGTA and immunochemical analysis by Western blotting with an anti pp75 xenoantiserum detected the pp75 in human melanoma, neuroblastoma, ovarian carcinoma and lymphoid T cells and fibroblasts but not in B-lymphoid cells, renal carcinoma cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenocytes. 6. These results suggest the presence of a new class of plasma membrane bound protein kinases activated by chelated calcium and differentially expressed in normal and transformed human cells.
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PMID:Specific phosphorylation by calcium-EGTA complex of a 75 kDa human tumor plasma membrane protein (pp75). 250 5


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