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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over a period of 11 years a total of 140 liver resections for non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine hepatic metastases were performed in 127 patients (73 women, 54 men; median age 53 years). There were 120 first, 14 second and 6 third liver resections. Primary tumors were: breast cancer (n = 34), leiomyosarcoma (n = 20), pancreatic cancer (n = 16), renal cell carcinoma (n = 13), melanoma (n = 9), gastric cancer (n = 9), lung cancer (n = 6) and adrenal cancer (n = 6) and miscellaneous tumors (n = 14). Extrahepatic tumor manifestation (including synchronous primary tumors) was found in 69/140 cases (49%); 61 of 120 patients with a first liver resection had extrahepatic tumor (51%). In the 120 first liver resections, 82 (68%) R0, 13 (11%) R1 and 25 (21%) R2 excisions were possible. Median survival after first liver resection was 20 months; after R0 resection a median survival of 28 months and after R1/2 resection of 8 months was achieved. The 5-year survival rate was 16% for the total group, 24% in patients with R0 resection and 0% for R1/2 resections. After a second liver resection (n = 14) there was a median survival of 28 months (5-year-survival-rate of 21%) for all patients and of 41 months (5-year survival rate 38%) after R0 resection. Morbidity and mortality after the first liver resection were 32.5% and 5.8%, respectively. In patients without extrahepatic tumor at the time of the first liver resection a median survival of 32 months (5-year survival rate 25%) and 7 months was achieved after R0 resection and R1/2 resection, respectively. In case of extrahepatic tumor the median survival was 24 months (5-year survival rate 23%) for R0 resection compared to 8 months after R1/2 resection. These data suggest that not the presence of extrahepatic tumor but rather the possibility of a R0 resection is most decisive for the prognosis after liver resection. We conclude that patients with liver metastases of non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine tumors may benefit from liver resection. Similar to colorectal metastases, a second or third liver resection can be worthwhile in selected cases. Even in more unfavorable tumor entities, several cases of long-term survival were observed after surgical therapy. Therefore, the indication for liver resection should be considered carefully in every single case.
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PMID:[Liver resection for non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine hepatic metastases]. 1035 43

The aim of this study was to map standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of specific cancers in Argentina and to examine some ecological relationships using Poisson regression, Poisson regression with frailties, and empirical Bayes estimates. Mortality data for lung cancer, nonmelanoma skin cancer, melanoma, and stomach cancer were obtained from national registers for the period 1989-1993. Overcrowding and unsatisfied basic needs (UBN) were used as indicators of socioeconomic status and people working permanently on farms as an indicator of rural activity. Empirical Bayes estimates provided a good solution for mapping rare causes of cancer when random fluctuations of observed deaths are important, as in the case of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma. In the case of lung and stomach cancers the main improvement was the attenuation of confidence intervals. Lung cancer rates (males and females) were higher in jurisdictions with better socioeconomic status. When the variable UBN was categorized in tertiles (<20, 20-27, and 28% and higher) the rate ratios of lung cancer in men fell to 0.82 IC 95% (0. 78-0.85) in those with UNB index among 20-27% with respect to the reference level and to 0.56 IC 95% (0.54-0.59) in those with more than 28%. In contrast, stomach cancer rates were associated with worse economic conditions. NMSC and melanoma showed different patterns. The former was associated with working on farms, while the latter was not. Neither NMSC nor melanoma was increased in areas affected by Antarctica's ozone hole. Research appears to be warranted to further investigate associations of lung cancer with smoking and behavior in women living in southern Argentinean provinces. Public education must continue to promote personal responsibility in the intervention process to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cancers, such as lung and skin cancer, which are partially avoidable through behavioral changes.
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PMID:Poisson regression in mapping cancer mortality. 1036 Oct 21

DT-diaphorase is a two-electron reducing enzyme that activates the bioreductive anti-tumour agent, mitomycin C (MMC). Cell lines having elevated levels of DT-diaphorase are generally more sensitive to MMC. We have shown that DT-diaphorase can be induced in human tumour cells by a number of compounds, including 1,2-dithiole-3-thione. In this study, we investigated whether induction of DT-diaphorase could enhance the cytotoxic activity of MMC in six human tumour cell lines representing four tumour types. DT-diaphorase was induced by many dietary inducers, including propyl gallate, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate and sulforaphane. The cytotoxicity of MMC was significantly increased in four tumour lines with the increase ranging from 1.4- to threefold. In contrast, MMC activity was not increased in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells and AGS human gastric cancer cells, cell lines that have high base levels of DT-diaphorase activity. Toxicity to normal human marrow cells was increased by 50% when MMC was combined with 1,2-dithiole-3-thione, but this increase was small in comparison with the threefold increase in cytotoxicity to tumour cells. This study demonstrates that induction of DT-diaphorase can increase the cytotoxic activity of MMC in human tumour cell lines, and suggests that it may be possible to use non-toxic inducers of DT-diaphorase to enhance the efficacy of bioreductive anti-tumour agents.
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PMID:Enhanced cytotoxicity of mitomycin C in human tumour cells with inducers of DT-diaphorase. 1037 75

Since 1990 age-standardized cancer mortality in men has decreased by about 1% per year. This decrease is due to a decrease in the mortality from lung cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer and bladder cancer. The mortality from melanoma, prostate cancer and oesophageal cancer in men has increased. After a slight increase in age-standardized cancer mortality in women, the rate has remained constant since 1990 in spite of the rapid increase in lung cancer mortality. Mortality due to cancers of the stomach, pancreas, cervix and ovary has decreased. Total cancer incidence in both men and women didn't change much during 1989-1994. In men the incidence of prostate cancer strongly increased. For women both the incidence of lung cancer and breast cancer increased. In the south-east of the Netherlands cancer incidence has been registered since 1973. In this area, the incidence increased before 1989. Therefore, it is likely that the national cancer incidence rates have also increased. Despite this increase, the age-standardized overall cancer mortality in the Netherlands did not increase during recent years.
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PMID:[Trends in cancer incidence and cancer mortality in Netherlands: good and bad news]. 1044 70

We present here worldwide estimates of annual mortality from all cancers and for 25 specific cancer sites around 1990. Crude and age-standardised mortality rates and numbers of deaths were computed for 23 geographical areas. Of the estimated 5.2 million deaths from cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), 55% (2.8 million) occurred in developing countries. The sex ratio is 1.33 (M:F), greater than that of incidence (1.13) due to the more favourable prognosis of cancer in women. Lung cancer is still the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide with over 900,000 deaths per year, followed by gastric cancer with over 600,000 deaths and colorectal and liver cancers accounting for at least 400,000 deaths each. In men, deaths from liver cancer exceed those due to colo-rectal cancer by 38%. Over 300,000 deaths of women are attributed to breast cancer, which remains the leading cause of death from cancer in women, followed by cancers of the stomach and lung with 230,000 annual deaths each. In men, the risk of dying from cancer is highest in eastern Europe, with an age-standardised rate for all sites of 205 deaths per 100,000 population. Mortality rates in all other developed regions are around 180. The only developing area with an overall rate of the same magnitude as that in developed countries is southern Africa. All of eastern Asia, including China, has mortality rates above the world average, as do all developed countries. The region of highest risk among women is northern Europe (age-standardised rate = 125.4), followed by North America, southern Africa and tropical South America. Only south-central and western Asia (Indian subcontinent, central Asia and the middle-eastern countries) and Northern Africa are well below the world average of 90 deaths per 100,000 population annually. Our results indicate the potential impact of preventive practices. It is estimated that 20% of all cancer deaths (1 million) could be prevented by eliminating tobacco smoking. Infectious agents account for a further 16% of deaths.
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PMID:Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. 1044 2

We have investigated frameshift mutations in exonic repeats in the ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, PTCH, CTCF, Cx26, NuMa and TGFbetaRII genes, using human tumor samples from stomach, esophagus, breast and skin and melanoma, as well as colon cancer and endometrial cancer cell lines (125 samples in total). We developed a sensitive method to detect mutations in the repeats, using the introduction of an artificial restriction site into a repeat. The method detects a single mutant among 10(3) normal genes. Thus, an alteration in a repeated sequence can be detected unambiguously. The (A)(8) repeat of BRCA2 was found mutated in only two of five colon cell lines with microsatellite instability (MI(+)). The ATR gene has an (A)(10) repeat which was altered in two of three MI(+) stomach cancer samples and one of three MI(+) endometrial cell lines. The TGFbetaRII gene [with an (A)(10) repeat] had the maximal frequency of mutations: 10 out of 13 MI(+) samples. At least one sample from all types of cancers, except melanomas, was positive for TGFbetaRII gene mutations. No mutations were found in repeats in the BRCA1, PTCH, CTCF, NuMA and Cx26 genes in any types of tumors examined. In conclusion, our study indicates that repeats were altered only in MI(+) cells and that the mutation frequencies in the genes studied differ among tumor types. Based on these results, we discuss meaningful and meaningless alterations in exonic repeats.
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PMID:A novel sensitive method to detect frameshift mutations in exonic repeat sequences of cancer-related genes. 1054 25

The sentinel node is the first lymph node that drains a primary tumor. A negative sentinel lymph node accurately predicts the absence of metastasis to any other regional lymph nodes. A higher rate of feasibility, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy in sentinel lymph node mapping has been demonstrated of cancer of the breast, penis, and vulva and in malignant melanoma. Intraoperative endoscopic lymphatic mapping, which we developed for gastric cancer in 1994, was also useful in accurately predicting nodal status in 163 early-stage gastric cancer patients: the rate of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy was 91%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. Therefore if the sentinel lymph node biopsy is free of metastasis, limited surgery such as wedge resection, segmental resection, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, or proximal gastrectomy is indicated. The tumor-free sentinel lymph node allows dissection of regional lymph nodes to be avoided and results in an improved quality of life in postoperative patients. In addition, sentinel lymph node biopsy has the advantages of enhancing staging accuracy, detecting micrometastases, and identifying variations in the regional lymphatic basin. Further progress may change the mode of nodal dissection and the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy for cancer.
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PMID:[Sentinel node concept and its application for cancer surgery]. 1077 98

The technique and scientific background of sentinel node dissection has spread extremely rapidly over the surgical community. Following the addition of this technique to the tools of oncologic surgery for treatment of malignant melanoma and breast cancer, questions arise regarding the use of this method in gastric cancer also. While the lymphatic flow on the surface of the body can be defined easily, the lymphatic drainage of the stomach is much more complicated. Following rotation of the stomach during embryonic development, the lymphatic flow is not directed in a simple fashion. It is questionable whether a specific area of the stomach will drain into one lymph node echelon only. This is one of the essential obstacles for SLND in gastric cancer. Furthermore, skip metastasis seems to be quite common in cancer of the stomach. In gastric cancer, the value and the extent of classical lymph node dissection itself is still under scientific discussion. The rationale, aims, and extent of LA in gastric cancer are addressed. The scientific discussion on whether D1 or an extended lymphadenectomy are appropriate is not finally closed as yet. The possibilities and problems concerning an individualised indication for a selective lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer are discussed.
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PMID:Potential and futility of sentinel node detection for gastric cancer. 1085 79

Antigenic peptides have been used as a cancer vaccine in melanoma patients and have led to a drastic regression of metastatic tumors. However, few antigens have been identified in non-melanoma tumors. We recently purified a new natural antigenic peptide, designated F4. 2, by biochemical elution from a human gastric signet cell carcinoma cell line and showed that it is recognized by an autologous human histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-A31-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone. Here we describe in vitro induction of F4. 2-specific CTLs from peripheral blood T lymphocytes of HLA-A31( +) gastric cancer patients. The T cells of seven HLA-A31( +) patients with gastric cancers were stimulated in vitro by F4.2-pulsed autologous dendritic cells which had been induced from peripheral blood of each patient by incubation in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4. We tested the cytotoxicity of the T cells against F4.2-loaded C1R-A*31012 by a 6-h (51)Cr release assay after 3 stimulations with F4.2-pulsed dendritic cells. F4.2-specific cytotoxicity was detectable in the stimulated T cells from two of the seven HLA-A31( +) patients. Further, both F4.2-specific CTLs also lysed the gastric cancer cell line, HST-2, from which F4.2 was derived. These results suggest that F4.2 peptide may be useful as an HLA-A31-restricted peptide vaccine in certain patients with gastric cancer.
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PMID:Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood of human histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-A31(+) gastric cancer patients by in vitro stimulation with antigenic peptide of signet ring cell carcinoma. 1087 14

Recent human tumor immunology research has identified several genes coding immunogenic peptides recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in melanoma tumors. Very recently, CD4 T cell antigenic epitopes were also determined in certain melanoma tumors. The use of these peptides in conjunction with human immunotherapy could prove to be of great benefit. However, such peptides in clinically common tumors of epithelial cell origin, such as of the stomach, colon, lung, etc., have not yet been determined extensively. We describe for the first time an HLA-A31 (A*31012)-restricted natural antigenic peptide recognized by the CD8 CTL TcHST-2 of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma cell line HST-2. We also identified the HLA-DRB1*08032-restricted peptide recognized by the CD4 T cell line TcOSC-20 of squamous cell carcinoma OSC-20 derived from the oral cavity. The antigenic peptide of HST-2, designated F4.2, is composed of 10 amino acid residues with two anchor motif residues necessary for binding to HLA-A31 molecules. The synthetic F4.2 peptide enhanced the reactivity of TcHST-2 against HST-2 cells. Furthermore, introduction of an expression minigene coding F4.2 peptide to HLA-A31(+) cells conferred cytotoxic susceptibility to TcHST-2 on the cells. Some stomach cancer lines into which the HLA-A31 gene had been introduced, such as MKN28-A31-2, were lysed by TcHST-2, suggesting the presence of F4.2 peptide in at least some HLA-A31(+) stomach cancers. Furthermore, F4.2 peptide induced an F4.2 peptide-specific CTL response in at least 30-40% of HLA-A31(+) peripheral blood lymphocytes from gastric cancer patients, suggesting that F4.2 peptide could be used as a cancer vaccine for gastric tumors. The natural antigenic peptide of OSC-20 was also determined using acid extraction and biochemical separation and by mass spectrometry. Consequently, OSC-20 peptide was designated as the 6-1-5 peptide, an HLA-DRB1*08032-restricted 16-mer peptide with two possible anchor motifs. It has an amino acid sequence identical to that of human alpha-enolase, suggesting that it was derived from the processed parental alpha-enolase protein. We are presently attempting to determine the genes that code tumor rejection antigens recognized by HLA-A24- and A26-restricted T cells, including those of pulmonary and pancreatic carcinomas. The search for these antigenic peptides may lead to the identification of immunogenic peptide antigens that would be suitable for clinical use in commonly occurring epithelial cancers.
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PMID:Human CD8 and CD4 T cell epitopes of epithelial cancer antigens. 1095 Jan 55


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