Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We examined the role of UVR (UV radiation) (UVA, 320-400 nm; UVB, 290-320 nm; and the combination of UVA and UVB) as a promoter in the induction of cutaneous melanoma. One hundred and seventy hairless mice (Skh-hr2), 6-8 weeks old, were treated in 8 groups: group I, DMBA [7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene] plus UVA; group II, DMBA plus UVA plus UVB; group III, DMBA plus UVB; group IV, DMBA; group V, UVA; group VI, UVA plus UVB; group VII, UVB; group VIII, control. DMBA (0.5% solution) was applied once to promote the formation of dermal melanocytic nevus-like lesions while UVR treatments were conducted 3 times/week for 30 weeks. The mice were examined periodically for the development of multiple pigmented lesions, papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas. Treatment with DMBA plus UVA, DMBA plus UVB, and DMBA plus UVA plus UVB stimulated the development of multiple pigmented nevus-like lesions (85-100%) in mice of groups I, II, III, and IV. Upon necroscopy, 27-33% of animals in groups I, II, and III receiving UVR treatments developed clinically and histologically characterized melanomas. Treatment with DMBA alone did not produce melanomas. DMBA-treated animals in groups I, II, and III which received UVR treatments also developed lymphomas (21-50%). Animals treated with DMBA alone or those that received UVB or the combination of UVB plus UVA (without DMBA) developed only papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (25-47%). Skin tumors were analyzed for the presence of point mutations in the ras gene. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA and selective oligonucleotide hybridization revealed mutations in the 61st codon of the N-ras gene in the precursor nevus-like lesions and melanoma samples studied. This study suggests that UVR (both UVA and UVB) plays a role as a promoter in the stimulation of melanoma and lymphoma development in hairless mice.
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PMID:Role of ultraviolet radiation in the induction of melanocytic tumors in hairless mice following 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene application and ultraviolet irradiation. 190 31

In vitro cancer studies require models more appropriate than the standard monolayer cultures of tumoral cell lines. This report describes the production of an in vitro three-dimensional rebuilt tumor using a non-hodgkin malignant lymphoma. The model exploits the relationship between angiogenesis and cancer formation by employing both tumor cells and fusiform cells derived from an angioma. The significance of this model, which has also been used with malignant melanoma cells, is that the rebuilt tumor, when placed in culture, produces many tumorous nodules which are fixed to a sub-layer of fusiform cells and newly-secreted matrix. These are, in effect, in vitro metastases. The ultrastructural aspect of this neomatrix indicates its proteoglycan nature. The micro-environment formed by the vascular cells and matrix appears to be critical for the production of metastases.
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PMID:[Three-dimensional model of cancer and in vitro metastasis: application to non-Hodgkin malignant lymphoma]. 191 48

The cytological and immunological findings of 81 metastatic melanomas are described. Fine needle aspiration was performed from secondary deposits in lymph nodes (38), subcutaneous and soft tissue (36), abdomen (5), lung (1) from 67 patients with histologically verified malignant melanoma. One patient had disease which had spread into the cerebrospinal fluid. Cytomorphologically the cases were classified as classical (47%), carcinoma-like (22%), spindle cell type (14%), lymphoma like (6%), undifferentiated (6%), myxoid type (3%), and clear cell type (2%). All cases were immunologically characterized using antibodies to S-100, vimentin and cytokeratin. All cases were S-100 positive and the majority (96%) reacted with antibodies to vimentin. A weak heterogenous reactivity to cytokeratin antibody was detected in only eight cases. The HMB45 antibody was applied to 20 cases and 16 (80%) of these tumours were positive. In summary, we found that an immunological characterization was necessary to conclusively diagnose over 50% of metastatic melanomas which presented with an equivocal cytological picture.
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PMID:Fine needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry of metastatic melanoma. 193 77

To assess the clinical utility of immunoperoxidase tumor-cell staining in patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site, we performed a battery of stains on tumors from 87 patients treated between August 1978 and April 1983. Poorly differentiated carcinoma or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was diagnosed on the basis of light microscopic examination, and all patients were treated before the technology of immunoperoxidase staining was routinely used. Therefore, results of immunoperoxidase staining can be correlated with clinical outcome in this group of similarly treated patients with a long median follow-up. Immunoperoxidase staining confirmed the diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma in 49 patients (56%) and yielded other diagnoses in 14 patients (16%): melanoma, eight; lymphoma, four; prostatic carcinoma, one; and yolk sac carcinoma, one. In 24 patients (28%) the immunoperoxidase staining pattern was inconclusive; electron microscopy was usually helpful in clarifying the diagnosis in these patients. Seventy-five patients (86%) received combination chemotherapy with a cisplatin-based regimen, and 24 patients (28%) had a complete response. Nine of these patients were later given specific diagnoses by immunoperoxidase staining (lymphoma, four; melanoma, four; yolk sac tumor, one). All patients with an immunoperoxidase diagnosis of lymphoma also had clinical features compatible with lymphoma and are long-term survivors. Patients with immunoperoxidase features suggesting melanoma were surprisingly responsive to chemotherapy, with three of seven complete responses and two long-term survivors. Patients with melanoma diagnosed by immunoperoxidase staining should not be excluded from a trial of cisplatin-based therapy. Immunoperoxidase staining is useful in the routine evaluation of metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site, as it can occasionally suggest the lineage of the tumor and have specific therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site: clinical usefulness of immunoperoxidase staining. 194 Oct 51

Isooctyl acrylate (IOA) monomer is a complex mixture comprised predominantly of isomeric, eight-carbon alkyl esters of acrylic acid. Limited evidence from animal studies suggests that certain acrylate esters may be carcinogenic by the dermal route of exposure. The following studies were performed with IOA monomer: acute oral toxicity limit test in rats, primary dermal and ocular irritancy in rabbits, Ames Salmonella microsome assay, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3 recombinogenicity assay, L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma cell assay, and C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell transformation assay. Finally, a limited dermal carcinogenicity bioassay was performed in which aliquots (25 microliters) of IOA monomer (5% v/v in acetone), IOA polymer (19% w/v in 70:30 acetone/heptane), or acetone (vehicle control) were applied to the shaved backs of male C3H/HeJ mice three times per week for the animals' lifetimes. IOA monomer had an acute oral LD50 in rats greater than 5000 mg/kg, was slightly irritating to the eyes and skin of rabbits on single exposures, and exhibited no genotoxic or cell-transforming potential. In the dermal carcinogenicity bioassay, no significant difference in mean survival times was observed between either treatment group and the control group. Animals treated with IOA monomer exhibited moderate dermatitis, surface crusting, hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, diffuse melanosis, and one benign melanoma at the treatment size. Animals treated with IOA polymer exhibited varying degrees of dermatitis, surface crusting, and hyperkeratosis. Neither IOA monomer nor IOA polymer was carcinogenic under the conditions of the study.
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PMID:Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and dermal carcinogenicity assessment of isooctyl acrylate. 194 20

The effects of neocarzinostatin (NCS), an anti-tumour drug, on the repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD) were studied using cultured Chinese hamster V79, malignant human melanoma and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells in the stationary phase. The repair of PLD was observed in the melanoma and L5178Y cells but no such repair was observed in the V79 cells, when studied by delayed plating. NCS added to the culture medium immediately after X-irradiation evoked fixation of PLD within 10 min of the addition of NCS. The ratios of D0 values of the survival curves of the cells treated with NCS to those plated immediately after X-irradiation were 0.78, 0.88 and 0.85 for V79, melanoma and L5178Y cells, respectively. The extent of the fixation by NCS was similar to that caused by 0.5 M NaCl solution. The results in the present study and the inhibition of sublethal damage (SLD) by NCS reported previously, suggest that NCS might react with the DNA damage induced by radiation and modify it to lethal damage. The study indicates that SLD and PLD appear to be closely related to one another.
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PMID:Enhancement of radiosensitivity of cultured mammalian cells by neocarzinostatin. II. Fixation of potentially lethal damage. 197 23

Targeting of radioactivity to tumors using antitumor antibodies is evolving from a laboratory curiosity toward a practical diagnostic and therapeutic technique that promises widespread benefits for many common human cancers. The development of the hybridoma technique by Kohler and Milstein for producing monoclonal antibodies is probably the single most important contribution to the development of this field. A large array of monoclonal antibodies against many human tumors have been created and labeled with a variety of radioisotopes; 110 clinical trials have been identified from the literature between the interval of 1978 to the present. These studies are beginning to form the basis for certain conclusions regarding likely benefits for certain combinations of antitumor antibodies and isotopes in specific instances of clinical management in patients with malignant neoplasms. For example, in melanoma, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and colorectal malignancies, radiolabeled antibodies have demonstrated occult tumors, which could not be disclosed with conventional methodologies. Radioimmunotherapy of malignant lymphoma is achieving durable remissions in patients who have failed conventional forms of therapy. For the most part, these advances have been achieved through intelligent application of known principles of immunochemistry, imaging physics, and tumor immunology. Progress has been slow but steady. In a few instances, the term "magic bullet" is warranted in describing the targeting of a particular radiolabeled antibody to a human tumor. I-131, 3-F8, an IgG3 against the GD2 antigen of neuroblastoma, which was introduced by Cheung, and In-111 T-101, against the CD5 antigen of T-cells, which was developed by Royston, stand out because of the consistency and high concentration of radioactive targeting to human tumors in clinical trials. If certain technical innovations fulfill their initial promise, the future will be bright for radioimmunologic methods of diagnosis and therapy. Genetic engineering will permit the development of "humanized" antibodies with biologic properties that favor tumor localization. New chemical approaches will broaden the range of isotopes available as diagnostic and therapeutic radiolabels. Application of modern imaging methodologies, such as positron emission tomography (PET), will detect more lesions of smaller size and permit quantitative imaging for dosimetry considerations. Greater speed and ease of use of computerized work stations will lead to the broader application of fusion imaging in which radioantibody images will be viewed simultaneously with TCT or MRI for better anatomic correlation of abnormal sites of antigen-reactive tumor deposits.
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PMID:Radioimmunology. Imaging and therapy. 199 Dec 86

Villin is a 95-kilodalton gastrointestinal-related cytoskeletal protein associated with axial microfilament bundles of brush border microvilli. We tested the hypothesis that expression of this protein was restricted to adenocarcinomas of gastrointestinal origin in a retrospective study of 203 human neoplasm that had been fixed in Carnoy's or methacarn fixative and embedded in paraffin. Villin expression was restricted to a subset of epithelial tumors, with no expression noted in any cases of sarcoma, melanoma, or lymphoma. Villin proved to be a very sensitive and relatively specific marker of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: all colonic, gastric, and pancreatic carcinomas were positive, and none of the breast or lung carcinomas were positive, with the single exception of a bronchioalveolar adenocarcinoma. However, a subset of nongastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, including some adenocarcinomas of ovary, endometrium, and kidney, were also positive. Nonetheless, at least three distinct patterns of villin expression were discerned, some of which were quite specific for individual tumor types. Thus, an apical or brush border pattern of villin expression was seen in virtually all gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, as well as in the occasional villin-positive endometrial or ovarian adenocarcinomas. A membranous distribution of carcinomas, mimicked the patterns of the normal counterpart tissue, e.g., delineation of bile canalicular structures. Finally, no relationship was found between the presence, or pattern of expression, of villin and the state of tumor differentiation. It is concluded that antibodies to villin may play an important role in immunocytochemical analyses of poorly differentiated malignant tumors in appropriately fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and in cases where the primary site is indeterminant from clinical history and histology.
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PMID:Distribution and pattern of expression of villin, a gastrointestinal-associated cytoskeletal protein, in human carcinomas: a study employing paraffin-embedded tissue. 200 58

Less than 5% of patients with metastatic cervical carcinoma will not have a detectable primary site despite a proper work-up. Recent aids for these diagnostic problems include fine needle aspiration and immunohistochemical panels to differentiate undifferentiated carcinoma from melanoma and/or lymphoma. CT scanning can suggest areas in the upper aerodigestive tract for biopsy and can be helpful in suggesting the pathology of the enlarged lymph nodes. EBV titers are often elevated when a nasopharyngeal carcinoma is small. Aggressive treatment of the occult primary patient with metastatic melanoma, thyroid cancer, and metastatic cancer presumed to arise from the skin of the head and neck or the mucous membranes of the upper aerodigestive tract is indicated as long-term survival is often achieved.
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PMID:Cervical metastases from an occult primary site. 200 80

With the advent of a new generation of PET scanners that have introduced whole-body PET to the clinical setting, there is now more interest in developing protocols for the evaluation of both intracranial and somatic cancers. The value of PET in clinical oncology has been demonstrated with studies in a variety of cancers including colorectal carcinomas, lung tumors, head and neck tumors, primary and metastatic brain tumors, breast carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, bone cancers, and other soft-tissue cancers. A summary of current clinical applications of PET in oncology is presented with special attention to colorectal, lung, and intracranial neoplasms since the majority of clinical trials have focused on these cancers. A variety of radiopharmaceuticals are described that are currently included in clinical tumor-imaging protocols, including metabolic substrates such as fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine, and analogs of chemotherapeutic agents such as fluorine-18-fluorouracil and fluoroestradiol. An attempt is also made to include examples of clinical trials that demonstrate response to therapeutic intervention. The increasing number of oncologic PET studies reflects the growing interest in functional imaging in oncology.
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PMID:The applications of PET in clinical oncology. 201 3


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