Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endoscopic examination of the oesophagus accompanied by histological examination of biopsies or cytological examination of smears enables a confident diagnosis of carcinoma to be established within a period of 24-48 h and in the case of cytology within 15-60 min. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are easily identified in biopsies or smears taken directly from the lesion. The histopathologist should be alerted to the possible diagnosis of Barrett's adenocarcinoma provided adequate information is given regarding the level of the squamo-columnar junction and the level of the targeted lesion. Unusual tumours are encountered rarely and they include carcinosarcoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenocystic carcinoma, carcinoid, malignant melanoma, oat cell carcinoma, spindle cell sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, etc. Special stains and multiple levels from the biopsies will be required for accurate identification of these tumours. Dysplasia constitutes a difficult diagnostic problem with reference to its significance regarding surveillance and treatment. Low grade dysplasia represents a recommendation for surveillance provided that the patient is regarded as a good surgical risk if cancer should develop at a later stage. High grade dysplasia is associated with a high risk of invasive cancer and close surveillance is required for the detection and treatment of invasive cancer provided also that the patient is a good surgical risk.
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PMID:Histological and cytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the oesophagus. 146 81

A panel of 60 human tumor cell lines is currently being used in the U.S. National Cancer Institute's in vitro anticancer drug screen. The panel is organized into 7 subpanels; 6 leukemia/lymphoma lines comprise one subpanel, and 54 other lines are organized into subpanels representing solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), colon, lung, ovaries, kidneys and melanomas. In the present study, the leukemia and lymphoma cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry for appropriate CD antigens; all but 1 line showed patterns of expression consistent with their reported derivations. The solid tumor lines were characterized individually using morphological and immunocytochemical techniques to determine their relative degrees of representativity for the subpanels within which they are currently grouped. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural examinations were performed on cell lines grown under identical conventional culture conditions and as xenografts in nude mice. Immunocytochemistry using panels of antibodies raised against 6 types of intermediate filaments, 7 adenocarcinoma-associated antigens, 7 melanoma/neuro-ectodermal-associated antigens, 3 neuroendocrine-associated antigens, 9 urinary tract associated antigens, and 4 markers of muscle differentiation was done on cells grown in monolayer culture. Central nervous system (CNS) cell lines lacked expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, but all had other features consistent with derivation from glioblastoma. Lines derived from adenocarcinomas of the colon, lung and ovary, for the most part, expressed adenocarcinoma-associated antigens and showed histological and/or ultrastructural evidence of gland formation and other adenomatous features. Most of these lines were poorly differentiated. Lines derived from large-cell and squamous-cell cancers also showed some characteristics consistent with their reported origins, except for one line which showed immunocytochemical and morphologic characteristics consistent with rhabdomyosarcoma. The 2 lines derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lacked neurosecretory granules and 3 other SCLC markers but showed morphologic features consistent with SCLC. Most melanoma cell lines strongly expressed melanoma-associated antigens and were morphologically similar to human melanoma. Five lines produced premelanosomes, melanosomes or melanin. Most of the renal cancer cell lines showed morphologic or immunocytochemical features consistent with renal clear cell carcinoma. Collectively, these morphological and immunocytochemical analyses provide information concerning tissue of origin, tumor type, degree of differentiation and other biologic features essential to the use of these lines in a disease-oriented in vitro antitumor drug screen and to the interpretation of data derived therefrom.
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PMID:Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics of human tumor cell lines for use in a disease-oriented anticancer drug screen. 150 99

In a search for new anticancer agents fluorine bearing trisubstituted 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-ones (2-12) have been prepared and characterized by their elemental analysis, UV, IR and 1H-NMR spectral data. The in vitro anticancer activity of all the compounds has been determined. Compounds 3 and 7 showed a moderate activity against Leukemia/Lymphoma, Small/Non small Cell Lung, Colon carcinoma and Melanoma Cells.
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PMID:Synthesis of some new fluorine bearing trisubstituted 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5-ones as potential anticancer agents. 150 95

Twenty-seven patients with evaluable metastatic cancer were treated with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and escalating doses of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). rIL-2 was infused over a 15 min period at a constant dose (8 x 10(6) IU/m2/8 h x 5 days first cycle, and 8 x 10(6) IU/m2/12 h x 5 days second and third cycles, with 9 days rest between each cycle). IFN-gamma was started 4 days before each cycle of rIL-2 and was given every other day at a dosage of 1 x 10(6) U/m2 x 3/cycle (four patients), 5 x 10(6) U/m2 x 3/cycle (four patients), 5 x 10(6) U/m2 x 5/cycle (four patients) and 10 x 10(6) U/m2 x 5/cycle (15 patients). Common side effects were fluid retention and hepatic toxicity (27 and 15% grade greater than or equal to 2); one ischemic chest pains and one acute respiratory distress occurred. Toxicities were not greater than those described with high dose rIL-2 alone and were similar in each dose level of IFN-gamma. No patient died from the procedure. Four patients responded, one complete response and three partial responses; all were treated with 25 or 50 x 10(6) U/m2/cycle of IFN-gamma (melanoma, two patients; renal cell carcinoma, one patient; lymphoma, one patient). Further phase II studies at these dosages are justified to precisely define the antitumoral efficacy of this association.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 in association with increasing doses of interferon-gamma in patients with advanced cancer. 151 26

The anti-tumour surveillance activity of natural cytotoxic (NC) cells was studied in vivo using the transplantable tumours WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma, MPC-II plasmacytoma, WEHI-7 T-lymphoma, B16 melanoma and EL-4 thymoma in syngeneic and semi-allogeneic mice. Experimentally, mice were treated with the anti-NC-I.I monoclonal antibody (MAb) IC4 to abrogate splenic NC activity. This was followed by s.c. inoculation of MTD100 doses of the tumours. Comparison of the diameters of the tumours in the anti-NC-I.I-treated mice with control mice using non-parametric statistics showed significantly faster growth of WEHI-164 (p less than 0.01), MPC-II (p less than 0.05) and WEHI-7 (p less than 0.05) when the mean tumour diameters were less than 15 mm in the anti-NC-I.I-treated mice. Significantly faster growth was also observed in anti-NC-I.I-treated mice with the B16 tumour (p less than 0.05), but at a later stage of growth, when the tumour diameter was greater than 15 mm. In vitro, WEHI-164, MPC-II and WEHI-7 were shown to be predominantly sensitive to lysis by mouse splenic NC cells, while B16 was predominantly lysed by splenic natural-killer (NK) cells. Anti-NC-I.I treatment of mice did not affect the growth of EL-4 in vivo and in vitro experiments with anti-NK-I.I and anti-NC-I.I MAb indicated that this tumour was lysed by sub-sets of NK and NC cells distinct from those which lysed the other tumours. We conclude that, in mice at least, NC cells have an in vivo role in controlling the growth of some transplantable tumours, and this correlates with the in vitro NC cell lysis of these same tumours.
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PMID:Correlation of growth of tumours in NC-cell-depleted mice with NC- and NK-cell-mediated lysis in vitro. 154 15

Bryostatin 1, a potent activator of protein kinase C, has antitumor activity against murine lymphoma, leukemia, and melanoma. In vitro, this compound stimulates the release of gamma-interferon, interleukins, and hematopoietic growth factors from accessory cells and activates both T- and B-cells. Bryostatin 1 is also able to stimulate neutrophils to undergo oxidative burst and degranulation. Because of the ability of this compound to stimulate the immune system, cause release of immune mediators, and activate neutrophils, we have examined its effect on bacterial infection by using the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium in mice. We find that animals given injections i.v. of S. typhimurium have a shortened life span if they are also given injections i.p. of nonlethal doses of bryostatin 1. There is a dose-response relationship with 100 micrograms/kg bryostatin 1 having a greater effect on survival than 40 micrograms/kg. Below 40 micrograms/kg there are no effects on survival. Analysis of the first 4 h of Salmonella infection demonstrates that bryostatin 1 does not affect the blood clearance of the bacterium. However, by day 2 of infection greater numbers of bacteria are found in the livers and spleens of mice given injections of bryostatin 1. By day 5, 10-fold more S. typhimurium bacteria are found in the livers and spleens of mice receiving 40 micrograms/kg of bryostatin 1. To determine whether bryostatin 1 was affecting growth or causing the death of bacteria, we used a Salmonella carrying a plasmid which has a temperature-sensitive origin of replication and is unable to replicate when the bacteria are in mice. This experiment demonstrates that bryostatin 1 represses bacterial killing but does not affect bacterial growth. Bryostatin 1 given i.p. stimulates a transient syndrome of weight loss and diarrhea from which the mice recover and regain weight, suggesting that bryostatin 1 may release a number of important humoral mediators in vivo. The weight loss is exacerbated by Salmonella infection with mice receiving bryostatin 1 and S. typhimurium, in that they lose approximately 33% of body weight prior to death. Thus, at doses used to treat murine tumors, bryostatin 1 treatment does not affect the clearance of S. typhimurium from the blood but does decrease the killing of bacteria in the liver and spleen, leading to early animal death. Such potential effects of bryostatin 1 on the outcome of bacterial infections should be evaluated in ongoing human trials of this agent.
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PMID:In vivo administration of bryostatin 1, a protein kinase C activator, decreases murine resistance to Salmonella typhimurium. 155 18

A retrospective study was conducted to assess the usefulness of pericellular lacunae in cell block sections of serous effusions in diagnosis. From January to December 1988, 286 cell blocks were prepared in our laboratory from pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids; 62 of them were excluded from this study because of inadequate cellularity, diagnostic uncertainty or lack of a proteinaceous background. The remaining consisted of 148 benign effusions from 128 patients and 76 malignant effusions from 56 patients. A single specimen from each patient was selected and reviewed to assess the presence and number of pericellular lacunae and to determine the relationship of this feature to cell arrangement (single cells versus cell clusters). Pericellular lacunae were found in 42 (75%) of the malignant effusions as compared to 41 (32%) of benign specimens. In the majority of malignant cases with lacunae, this feature was associated with greater than two-thirds of the cells, whereas in benign cases, when present, it was seen in less than one-third of the cells. Neoplasms characterized by large cell clusters more frequently had lacunae than did those with small groups or single cells. Lacunae were not evident in cases of malignant melanoma and lymphoma. We conclude that although pericellular lacunae are more often associated with malignant cells, their presence in itself cannot be used as a reliable indicator of malignancy in body cavity fluids.
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PMID:Significance of pericellular lacunae in cell blocks of effusions. 158 Jan 17

Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels were measured in sera from 33 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma and 14 patients with metastatic or advanced renal cell cancer. Significantly elevated levels were found in both groups compared to 30 healthy controls. No correlation was found between the levels of sIL-2R and clinical parameters such as disease-free interval and tumour burden. Neither was there any correlation between receptor-levels and survival. This contrasts with the observations in lymphoma patients, but is in accordance with findings in other solid tumours. sIL-2R is possibly a marker of the host immune response to the tumour, but further investigations are needed to see if it has any predictive value concerning prognosis or response to immune therapy.
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PMID:Soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with malignant melanoma and renal cell cancer. 163 75

The cytopathologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a case of Ki-1-positive lymphoma are presented and discussed. On fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy smears, the Ki-1-positive lymphoma was characterized by large isolated cells with abundant dense/vacuolated cytoplasm and large nuclei with irregular profiles. Although most cells contained one nucleus, binucleated and multilobed/multinucleated cells were also seen. The cohesion of the malignant cells in histologic sections of a biopsied lymph node suggested an anaplastic carcinoma. The discrepancy was resolved by ultrastructural and immunologic analyses. The main differential diagnoses on FNA material include Hodgkin's disease, malignant melanoma and undifferentiated carcinoma; the cytologic suspicion should be confirmed by immunocytochemical studies.
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PMID:Fine needle aspiration biopsy of Ki-1-positive large-cell "anaplastic" lymphoma. 164 22

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurred in five members in three generations of a white American family of Scandinavian descent. Six other family members had malignancies including malignant melanoma, malignant lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, adenocarcinoma of the colon, and asynchronous bilateral in situ and invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. There was also a history of autoimmune disorders and exposure to smoke, fumes, and chemicals in some family members. Regression analysis revealed a significant covariate risk for exposure to smoking, alcohol ingestion, dust, salted or spicy foods, and poorly ventilated conditions. According to segregation analysis, the susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other malignancies in this family was transmitted as an autosomal codominant characteristic. A specific histocompatibility antigen (HLA) haplotype of A1-B37-DR6 was associated with a predisposition for NPC, but no linkage was identified. Laboratory studies in selected family members did not reveal significantly elevated levels of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies or serum carcinoembryonic antigen. No specific karyotypic abnormalities were identified with peripheral blood chromosome analysis. This family was an example of apparent autosomal codominant susceptibility to NPC and other malignancies. The relationship of malignancy to the HLA haplotype of A1-B37-DR6, autoimmune disorders, and cytogenetic abnormalities was intriguing but not defined clearly.
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PMID:Familial aggregation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other malignancies. A clinicopathologic description. 165 6


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