Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although specific data on patients will be useful only after a 5- to 10-year follow up, radiotherapy of choroidal malignant melanoma with 125iodine has several advantages over the other radioactive sources that are presently being used. The low gamma energy of 125iodine allows for construction of metal eye plaques that can attenuate the radiation preferentially so that the tumor is treated while the rest of the eye receives minimal irradiation. This ability to direct the radiation is not possible with high energy sources such as 60cobalt. The ability to control the dose rate as well as the total dose is yet another advantage. Exact positioning of the 125iodine seeds in a plaque allows for an even distribution of the radiation throughout the tumor. Six patients have been treated. We are enthusiastic, but consider this an experimental procedure until our follow-up is complete.
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PMID:Radiotherapy of choroidal melanoma with iodine 125. 699 83

Insulin and glucagon injected separately or simultaneously into CBA, C57BL, A, or C3Hf/Bu mice with aplastic carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma B16, Ehrlich tumor, lymphatic leukemia, or thymoma suppressed tumor growth and prolonged the mouse's mean survival time. Basic mechanistic features of growth retardation by insulin and glucagon were delineated for aplastic carcinoma and fibrosarcoma. In mice bearing these 2 tumors, stimulated plaque-forming capacity and phagocytosis were shown for these hormones. Cyclophosphamide abolished the growth retardation. Insulin- and glucagon-induced tumor suppression appeared mainly mediated by maintenance of high immune reactivity and phagocytosis.
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PMID:Retarded growth of murine tumors in vivo by insulin- and glucagon-stimulated immunity and phagocytosis. 701 67

Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the fourth clinicopathologic variant of malignant melanoma. It occurs on volar surfaces of hands and feet, subungual sites, and fingers or toes. It is characterized by slow lentiginous radial growth and central plaque-like thickening, heavily pigmented tumor cells, markedly thickened papillary dermis, and diffuse reticular infiltration. Lesions are unusually large and, in most cases, thick and ulcerated. There were 180 patients with acral melanoma (AM), which includes 67 in whom the specific features of ALM could be documented. One hundren sixty had primary lesions on ;the foot, and 20 occurred on the hand. There were 104 men and 76 women. There were 41 black patients and 139 whites. Five-year survivals following all modalities of therapy in 122 patients with Stage I acral melanoma is 63% for planter/palmar lesions, 58% for subungual lesions, and 27% for skin of digits. For the subgroup of Stage I patients with ALM treated by surgery and regional chemotherapy by perfusion, the five-year survival for all sites is 72% and 56% at 10 and 15 years, respectively. Survival in ALM is essentially the same as for all AM lesions.
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PMID:Acral lentiginous melanoma. A clinicopathologic entity. 707 61

Two hundred seventy-one B-16 melanoma-bearing mice were randomized and treated for 4 days with either control diluent, 10 micrograms of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl-ester (di-M-PGE2), chemotherapy, or chemotherapy plus di-M-PGE2. The chemotherapeutic regimens included adriamycin (7.5 mg/kg), 5-fluorouracil (250 mg/kg), nitrogen mustard (5 mg/kg), and vincristine (0.5 mg/kg). The number of plaque-forming cells and hemagglutinin titers in response to sheep erythrocytes were used as measures of humoral immunity while cellular immunity was assessed by evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity. As we previously reported, the presence of subcutaneous B-16 tumors induced substantial immunosuppression and this suppression was reversed by treatment with di-M-PGE2. Treatment with all four chemotherapeutic agents induced profound immunosuppression. Similarly, the addition of di-M-PGE2 to the chemotherapy protocols resulted in significant augmentation of cellular and humoral immunity.
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PMID:PGE restores the immune response in chemotherapy-treated, tumor-bearing mice. 708 63

We reviewed photographs of 256 primary cutaneous melanomas to determine the gross morphological correlates of metastases. Seven and a half years after diagnosis, the melanomas with ulceration occupying at least 80% of their surface had the highest rate of metastases (85%), and melanomas without a nodule had the lowest metastatic rate (11%). Melanomas with nodules had a metastatic rate of 62%, and this rate increased in direct proportion to nodule diameter. Even after adjusting for nodule diameter and ulceration, melanomas with single nodules located completely within the confines of an associated plaque had half of the metastatic rate of melanomas with nodules located at the periphery (abutting normal skin). These data suggest that (1) carefully recorded gross pathological data can augment the microscopic pathological data in the determination of prognosis; (2) skin lesions suspected to be melanoma should be photographed; (3) the photograph, if followed by surgical removal of the lesion, should be attached to the pathology report in the patient's permanent medical record; (4) nodule diameter is better correlated with metastases than the total lesion diameter (as traditionally held); and (5) the cytologically malignant melanocytes that constitute the less-raised portion of most melanomas may not be biologically malignant, thus enlarging the precursor concept for malignant melanoma. The TNM staging system for malignant melanoma could be modified to incorporate these data.
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PMID:Skin lesions suspected to be melanoma should be photographed. Gross morphological features of primary melanoma associated with metastases. 710

This study was performed to correlate the role of exogenous and endogenous prostaglandins on humoral and cellular immune responses to and rate of growth of B-16 melanoma in vivo. B-16 melanomas synthesized 7 times as much PGE as did adjacent normal tissues, an effect that was abolished by indomethacin. In C57BL/6J mice bearing B-16 melanomas splenic plaque-forming cells, hemagglutinin titers, and delayed hypersensitivity (all to SRBC) were profoundly suppressed; these responses were significantly augmented by treating the mice with di-M-PGE2 (16, 16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester), a long acting analogue of PGE2, and either further suppressed or unaffected by indomethacin, a potent inhibitor of endogenous PGE biosynthesis. Compared to control experiments, indomethacin hastened the rate of development of palpable subcutaneous B-16 tumors and facilitated the proliferation of these cells in solid tumors as well as in ascites. Pretreatment of mice with di-M-PGE2 (before inoculation with tumor cells) resulted in delay in the rate of appearance of tumors, decline in the growth rate, and increased survival. These data suggest that prostaglandins are involved in the control of in vivo tumor cell growth largely by virtue of their effects on the immune response.
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PMID:Influence of PGE on the immune response in melanoma-bearing mice. 719 Jan 76

A 30-year-old white male was found to have a small, nonpigmented choroidal tumor in the temporal portion of the macula in the left eye. A diagnosis of choroidal melanoma was made, based on the clinical appearance, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and growth of the tumor. In spite of treatment with a cobalt plaque, the tumor continued to grow, and the eye was enucleated. Histopathologic study revealed a benign peripheral nerve tumor of the choroid, presumably a neurilemoma (Schwannoma). A correlation between clinical features, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, light microscopy, and electron microscopy is presented, and the literature on solitary peripheral nerve tumors of the uveal tract is reviewed.
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PMID:Benign peripheral nerve tumor of the choroid: a clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature. 732 83

Novel compounds based upon the thiol N-(carboxy)-beta-alanyl-cysteamine (vitaletheine) have strikingly potent and seemingly diverse biological activities. Concentrations of vitaletheine modulators from 1 femtograms/ml to 100 picograms/ml medium regulate RBC production from progenitors initially deprived of erythropoietin. Similarly, as little as attograms/ml concentrations of the disulfide vitalethine stimulate immunological responses of murine splenocytes toward sheep RBC in a hemolytic plaque assay. Because dosages of vitalethine as low as femtograms/kg substantially diminish tumor size and incidence and increase survival to 80% in mice inoculated with a uniformly fatal melanoma (Cloudman S-91), activities of these compounds have in vivo significance. A preliminary probe of the benzyl derivative of vitalethine in a myeloma model (NS-1) suggests efficacy (100% survival) as well. The high potencies of the vitaletheine modulators, both in cell culture and in vivo, indicate that these or similar regulatory components, if constitutively present, probably occur endogenously at vanishingly small concentrations and may be prone to deficiency resulting from metabolic imbalances, irradiation, aging, diet, pathogenic or parasitic infections, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Pathways for the biosynthesis of vitaletheine are proposed and chemical syntheses of the vitaletheine modulators are described. Possible molecular mechanisms of action, including interactions with peptidyl hormones, other endogenous effectors, and xenobiotic and pharmaceutical compounds, are explored. Indications for the treatment of other diseases are identified.
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PMID:Vitalethine modulates erythropoiesis and neoplasia. 792 8

beta-Alethine (beta-alanyl-cysteamine disulfide) exhibits striking biological activities in diverse systems. At an optimum of about 10 ng/ml, beta-alethine (a) adapts murine liver cells to culture (53 colonies/10(6) cells versus none in controls), (b) delays aging of human IMR-90 fetal lung fibroblasts (102 population doubling levels versus 47 in controls, producing 3 x 10(16) greater biomass), and (c) markedly stimulates antibody-producing plaque-forming cells from murine splenocytes (16,875/10(6) cells versus 55/10(6) cells in controls) or human peripheral blood leukocytes (1826/10(6) cells versus 0/10(6) cells in controls). Early interventions with beta-alethine (1 ng/kg to 100 micrograms/kg) successfully treat NS-1 myeloma in a syngeneic murine tumor model (NS-1 myeloma). Although there are indications in this model that beta-alethine is also effective when intervention is late, beta-alethine is ineffective in an allogeneic murine melanoma model (Cloudman S-91 melanoma). It is inferred that beta-alethine enhances cellular phenotypic expression, function, and vitality in diverse biological systems and may treat certain types of neoplasia. Because atomic spacings between the amide moieties in beta-alethine are the same as in the differentiating agent hexamethylene-bis-acetamide and because the radioprotectors WR 2721 and WR 1065 lack only the carbonyl oxygen of the thiol form (beta-aletheine), biological activities already reported for these compounds are compared with those presented herein for beta-alethine. Although these comparisons have not been made in the same systems, the tentative conclusion is that the amide moieties of beta-alethine may be critical to its potency and lack of obvious toxicity in cell culture and animal models.
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PMID:Seemingly diverse activities of beta-alethine. 792 9

From 1966 to 1990 a total of 93 juxtapapillary choroidal melanomas were treated using 106Ru/106Rh plaques with a notch for the optic nerve. The choroidal melanoma was controlled after brachytherapy in 79 cases (85%). Fourteen eyes (15%) had to be enucleated because of tumor regrowth. Eye and optic nerve phantoms were fabricated, loaded with small-volume thermoluminescent dosimeters, treated with active plaques, and the radiation dose determined at the optic disc and along the optic nerve. The median dose within the anterior optic nerve was 51.2 Gy (range 10.3-60.5 Gy). The probability of developing complete radiation optic neuropathy (RON) was 23% and 53% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The probability of developing partial RON was 66% at 5 years and 82% at 10 years. The probability of retaining visual acuity better than 0.5 was 38% at 5 years and 26% at 10 years. No dose-response relationship could be established from the ophthalmological, morphological and functional findings. Eyes following plaque irradiation with 50 Gy or more in the center of the optic nerve experienced significant radiation optic neuropathy, other eyes did not.
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PMID:Radiation effects on the optic nerve observed after brachytherapy of choroidal melanomas with 106Ru/106Rh plaques. 792 83


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