Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum lysozyme has been demonstrated to be an indicator for macrophage activity in the tumor-bearing host. Therefore, we investigated lysozyme levels in the sera of 336 untreated tumor patients (121 malignant melanoma, 61 lung cancers, 70 cervical cancers, 49 breast cancers and 35 benign breast tumors, and 36 healthy controls). Patients with malignant melanoma and lung cancer had significantly higher lysozyme levels than the healthy controls. Within the clinical stages in melanoma, there was a decrease of lysozyme in stages II and III in comparison to stage I, but still above that of the control values. Patients with benign breast tumors had normal levels, whereas in breast cancer patients of stages I and II there was a significant reduction in the lysozyme levels. In stages III and IV no differences to the control group could be detected. In patients with cervical cancer (FIGO II and III) serum lysozyme levels were found to be within the normal range. From this study it can not be concluded that serum lysozyme reflects the immunological reactivity of the tumor bearer. Nevertheless, the reduced levels in stages I and II of breast cancer might point to an immunological defect.
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PMID:Serum lysozyme levels in patients with solid tumors. 45 Mar 87

The authors examined the incidence of second primary cancers occurring after cervical and anal cancer. Data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry for 1935-1988 and eight other US tumor registries for 1973-1988 were used. Women with primary invasive cervical cancer had a relative risk of 4.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-8.1) for subsequent invasive anal cancer. Increased relative risks after cervical cancer were also found for cancers of the oral cavity (relative risk (RR) = 2.2), stomach (RR = 1.5), rectum (RR = 1.4), larynx (RR = 3.4), lung (RR = 3.0), vagina (RR = 5.6), bladder (RR = 2.7), for kidney (RR = 1.9); decreased relative risks were noted for melanoma (RR = 0.5) and breast cancer (RR = 0.8). Patients with a primary diagnosis of anal cancer had relative risks for subsequent invasive and in situ cervical cancer of 1.3 (95% CI 0.2-4.5) and 3.4 (95% CI 0.9-8.8), respectively. Anal cancer was also associated with increased relative risks of subsequent lung (RR = 2.5) and prostate (RR = 1.8) cancers, whereas the relative risk of uterine cancer was 0.2 (95% CI 0.0-0.9). These findings support other evidence for common factors, such as human papillomavirus infection and cigarette smoking, in the etiology of cervical and anal cancer.
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PMID:Second primary cancers following anal and cervical carcinoma: evidence of shared etiologic factors. 132

Life-style has a major influence on the incidence of breast cancer. To evaluate the effects of life-style related metabolic-endocrine factors on breast cancer risk we conducted a case-control study comparing 223 women aged 38 to 75 years presenting with operable (stage I or II) breast cancer and 441 women of the same age having no breast cancer, who participated in a population-based breast cancer screening program. Women reporting diabetes mellitus were excluded. Sera from 110 women of the same age group presenting with early stage melanoma, lymphoma or cervical cancer were used as a second 'other-cancer control group'. Serum levels of C-peptide were significantly higher in early breast cancer cases compared to controls. The same was found for the ratios C-peptide to glucose or C-peptide to fructosamine, indicating insulin resistance. Sex hormone binding globulin was inversely, triglycerides and available estradiol were positively related to C-peptide. Serum C-peptide levels were related to body mass index (BMI), and to waist/hip ratio (WHR), in particular in controls. However, the relative increase of C-peptide, C-peptide to glucose or C-peptide to fructosamine in cases was independent of BMI or WHR. The log relative risk was linearly related to the log C-peptide levels. Relative risk according to quintiles, and adjusted for age, family history, BMI and WHR, for women at the 80% level was 2.9 as compared with those at the 20% level for C-peptide. Elevated C-peptide or C-peptide to fructosamine values were not observed in the sera from women belonging to the 'other-cancer control group'. This study suggests that hyperinsulinemia with insulin resistance is a significant risk factor for breast cancer independent of general adiposity or body fat distribution.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and breast-cancer risk. 139 28

Cancer mortality during 1970-85 of immigrants from East and West Africa and the Caribbean to England and Wales is described. Overall cancer mortality was raised in West African males (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25-1.54), and non-significantly raised in West African females (RR 1.14, 0.96-1.37) compared to mortality in the England and Wales-born population. Much of the increased risk was due to very high rates of liver cancer in males (RR 31.6, 23.8-41.9), but rates were also raised for a wide range of other cancers in each sex. Only lung and brain cancer had significantly decreased mortality. In East Africans, overall cancer mortality was low in males (RR 0.63, 0.56-0.70), and in females (RR 0.80, 0.72-0.89). Mortality was significantly low for cancers of the stomach, pancreas and testis, and Hodgkin's disease in males, for cervical cancer in females, and for lung cancer and melanoma in both sexes. Cancer sites with significantly raised mortality included oropharyngeal cancer, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma in both sexes. In Caribbean immigrants overall cancer rates were significantly low in males (RR 0.71, 0.68-0.74) and in females (RR 0.76, 0.73-0.80). Mortality was significantly low for many cancers including colorectal, lung, testis and brain cancers. Mortality was significantly raised only for cancer of the prostate in males, of the placenta in females, and of the liver, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in both sexes. Overall, mortality was high from prostatic cancer and liver cancer, and was low from brain cancer, in predominantly ethnic African immigrant groups. Both East and West African immigrants had raised rates of leukaemia. All of the migrant groups had high rates of multiple myeloma and low rates of testicular, ovarian and lung cancer. Genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to these patterns are discussed.
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PMID:Cancer mortality in African and Caribbean migrants to England and Wales. 141 34

The Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry began operation in 1986. Between 1986-1989, a total of 8 276 cases were identified. Among men of African descent, oesophageal (11.2 pc) and liver cancer (11.0 pc) were most common. Cervical cancer was by far the most common among women of African descent (34.5 pc). Among both males and females of non-African descent, skin cancers (other than melanoma) accounted for one-third of cancers followed by prostate cancer (7.7 pc) in males and breast cancer (18.5 pc) in females. These findings are comparable to earlier reports of the epidemiology of cancer in Zimbabwe.
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PMID:Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry: summary data 1986-1989. National Cancer Registry Advisory Committee. 151 26

Since 1983, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has collected data by means of its Cancer Information Service (CIS), a toll-free telephone helpline for health care professionals and members of the public who have questions about cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. These data reveal information about the characteristics of callers and their questions and about how inquiries reflect mass media promotions and secular trends. A request for a publication is the most common type of inquiry, followed by information about specific cancer sites, smoking prevention and cessation, other types of prevention, cancer treatment, cancer symptoms, referrals to physicians, NCI clinical trials, hospital and clinic-based screening programs, and general counseling or coping. Breast cancer is the most common cancer of interest, followed by respiratory system cancers, colon and prostate cancers, leukemia, melanoma, nonHodgkin's lymphoma, cervical cancer, general or unspecified skin cancer, and ovarian cancer. Responding to these other caller inquiries, CIS counselors may proactively guide callers to a desirable goal, such as screening mammography. Protocols have been developed to assist counselors' proactive efforts, and preliminary results are beginning to support this approach. The findings gathered in this study underscore the health education potential of telephone helplines and point to the need for controlled evaluation research on the effectiveness of proactive counselor advice.
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PMID:Cancer prevention counseling on telephone helplines. 159 37

Metastasis to the skin occurs rarely, regardless of the nature of the primary systemic neoplasm. Although carcinoma of the cervix is the fourth most common malignancy in women, cutaneous involvement originating from cervical cancer is particularly unusual, even in the terminal stages of disease. Only 22 cases, including this one, are clearly documented in the literature. The main sites of the cutaneous metastases in these cases were the abdominal wall or lower extremity. However, we describe a 41-year-old woman with cervical cancer who developed metastatic nodules on the upper back. The skin of the back is an uncommon location for metastasis from any malignant tumor, and when it occurs in women, it is generally associated with carcinoma of the breast or malignant melanoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cervical carcinoma metastasis to this unlikely cutaneous site.
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PMID:Cutaneous metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. 161 47

Since hormones relate to the etiology of breast cancer, 40 studies have looked at the possible association of oral contraceptives (OCs) with breast cancer. Most research conducted through 1986 and including the largest related case control study and several after 1986 found no association between ever use of OCs and breast cancer. On the other hand, some studies conducted after 1986 with women 45 years old who had breast cancer and had taken OCs have suggested a dose response relationship, 2 fold increased risk of breast cancer, or increased risk with duration of OC use. These results motivated several organizations to review the literature and to issue guidelines. The US Food and Drug Administration, the UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines, and IPPF did not find a reason to change practices. The Committee on the Safety of Medicines did suggest, however, that health providers mention the possible increase in risk. At least 8 studies have revealed an increased risk of cervical cancer with duration of OC use, especially after 5 years of use. Yet experience has disclosed an obstacle to understanding the relationship between cervical cancer and OC use--cervical cancer may be caused by the human papilloma virus transmitted by sexual intercourse. Unlike results of breast and cervical cancer research, research results have clearly established that OC use lowers the risk of endometrial cancer by about 50% and the risk of ovarian cancer by about 40%. In fact, the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone [CASH] study showed a protective effect of OCs for endometrial and ovarian cancers at least 15 years after discontinuation. Even though some studies found a dose response effect with duration of use, a large international study did not find any relationship between OC us and liver cancer. Moreover studies did not reveal an association between OC use and malignant melanoma or pituitary adenoma.
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PMID:Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives. 167 77

Predisposing factors to cervical cancer development are age, smoking, socioeconomical status, parity, and number of sex partners. Long-term oral contraceptive (OC) use and less than 50 mg estrogen dose have been weakly linked to increased cancer risk. Regular examination and switching to other contraception in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is recommended. Estrogen in sequential pills (Ovacon) increases the risks of uterine cancer by affecting the mucosa. Predisposing factors are: absence of pregnancy (nulliparity), postmenopause, hypertension, and diabetes. Parity reduces the risk. The risk is reduced in combined pills and after use of 1 year. Protection is offered by the progesterone component for 10-20 years after cessation of use. Ovarian cancer is prevented by parity and OC use even 10 years later. High estrogen levels inducing frequent ovulation damage the ovaries. Promoting factors are: old age, avoidance of breast feeding, and overweight. Breast cancer promoters are 1st pregnancy in older age, early menarche, and no pregnancy at all. OC use under age 25 and before 1st pregnancy are significant risk factors. High progesterone levels are associated with increased mitotic activity in the breast. Rare benign fibrocysts can develop into breast cancer. OC use is connected to hepatoma development mainly estrogen-induced. Liver cancer was found twice as high in OC users. Hepatoma often ruptures causing hemorrhage. 8% of liver tumors are malignant with a survival rate of 50% of patients to 4.8 years. The possible association of OCs to skin melanoma and hypophysial tumors could not be confirmed. OCs regulate menstruation, reduce bleeding, protect against uterine and ovarian cancer, but cervical and breast cancers have been influenced by them.
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PMID:[The contraceptive pill and cancer]. 207 68

To explore cancer incidence among Hispanic women living in Dade County, Florida, data were analyzed from the statewide cancer registry. For all but three sites, Hispanics had lower rates of the 15 most prevalent cancers than non-Hispanics. However, higher rates of cancer among Hispanics were noted for cancers of the gallbladder, liver, and heart and soft tissue. Subgroups of women had significantly higher rates of cervical cancer and thyroid cancer. Lower rates among Hispanics were observed for cancers of the esophagus, vagina, breast, colon, buccal cavity and pharynx, and malignant melanoma. These data suggest that most cancer sites traditionally higher among US Latino women were not higher among Dade Hispanics, and that sites more common among non-Hispanics have not yet shown an increased incidence among Hispanic women in Dade County.
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PMID:The epidemiology of cancer among Hispanic women. The experience in Florida. 224 2


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