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Query: UMLS:C0025202 (melanoma)
 69,561 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a survey of persons who voluntarily attended melanoma/skin cancer screenings in Massachusetts in 1987. Of 1219 persons asked to fill out a questionnaire, 1116 (92%) completed it. Our study demonstrates that persons attending the melanoma/skin cancer screening program were, for the most part, at risk for the disease and appropriately selected themselves to be screened. Most were women, well educated (with college or advanced degrees), and white. More than 86% had at least one risk factor for melanoma/skin cancer whereas 78% had at least two risk factors. Future studies are necessary to determine whether our experience can be verified. Additional efforts should try to attract those who are at risk but perhaps are less willing to attend screening programs--men and those of lower socioeconomic status. These efforts can help target screening to those at highest risk and maximize the yield of these public health efforts.
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PMID:Who is being screened for melanoma/skin cancer? Characteristics of persons screened in Massachusetts. 200 74

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) differs from other forms of cancer by a high incidence combined with a very low lethality. In Denmark there is a well-established registration system of both the cause of death and the incidence of cancer. In 1984, 2,984 cases of NMSC were notified to the Cancer Register while, according to the Register of Causes of Death, 40 persons were registered as having died from NMSC. These 40 cases were investigated further by means of information from the case records and the general practitioners. In only 18 out of the 40 cases death was caused by NMSC, basal cell carcinoma with invasion into vital organs in three cases and metastasing spinocellular carcinoma in 15 cases. Over half of the fatal cases of spinocellular carcinoma were localized around the outer openings on the face, primarily (n = 4) around the external auditory meatus. In this review, the estimated lethality for basal cell carcinoma was 0.12% and for spinocellular carcinoma 4.3% the latter being high compared with other studies. Comparable population based studies are not available due to less effective registration systems.
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PMID:[Non-melanoma skin cancer as a cause of death in Denmark]. 200 47

Australian cancer councils recommend the practice of regular self screening of the skin or screening by another person for signs of melanoma and other skin cancers. They also recommend that medical practitioners screen adult patients annually. This study examined the prevalence and predictors of self screening (or screening by another person) and screening by a general practitioner in 1344 individuals from randomly selected households. The results indicated that 48% of the sample either regularly checked their own skin or had it checked by another person (such as a spouse), and 17% had been screened by a general practitioner in the preceding 12 months. Overall, this indicates that 50% of the sample had their skin adequately screened as recommended. Individuals were less likely to have been screened if they were male; of lower occupational status; unemployed or too ill to work; and had only a primary school education. Those who had only basic medical insurance were also less likely to have been screened. A higher prevalence of screening was reported in individuals at greater risk of developing melanoma, in those who perceived themselves as more susceptible to developing melanoma, and in those who believed that there were greater benefits associated with the early detection of melanoma. The implications of these results for the development of effective public health education programmes, and for increasing the role of general practitioners in the education and screening of the public, are discussed.
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PMID:Screening for melanoma: a community survey of prevalence and predictors. 203 59

Preliminary results are presented for a general population-based cancer registry in Setif, Algeria, for 1986-88. Standardised incidence rates for all sites, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, are 70.1 for men and 59.9 for women: these rates are lower than those reported for most populations. The most frequent cancers are lung, stomach and liver in men, and cervix, liver and breast in women. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is frequent in both sexes. Incidence of cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts in women appears particularly high. These results represent the first detailed incidence data for all cancers in an Algerian population.
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PMID:[Incidence of cancer in the wilaya of Setif, Algeria]. 203 86

Several articles have appeared in the literature regarding the impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on the prevalence of skin cancer due to increasing ultraviolet radiation. While it has been shown that UVB radiation is related to carcinogenesis of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, it has not definitively been shown that stratospheric ozone depletion is translating into increased penetrating ultraviolet radiation. Estimates of increasing skin cancer in the future are dependent on calculations of UVB increases drawn from data on ozone depletion. The present article describes the history of stratospheric ozone depletion, how it may affect UVB penetration and skin cancer rates, and what is currently being done to prevent man's further detrimental effects on our atmosphere.
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PMID:Stratospheric ozone depletion and its relationship to skin cancer. 204 Jul 50

Nonmelanoma skin cancer has attracted little research interest compared with melanoma, although the former has a 10-fold greater incidence. The aggressiveness of melanoma has diverted attention from other forms of skin cancer for which reliable information is lacking. Until the size of the problem and the need for resources are determined, research will not be forthcoming or justified. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is arguably one of the most common cancers in humans today and its incidence is increasing rapidly. Its low mortality rate detracts attention from the high morbidity, both psychologic and physical, with which it is associated and from the drain on health resources that it generates.
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PMID:Squamous cell and basal cell skin carcinoma and rarer histologic types of skin cancer. 206 95

Case-control studies have been carried out in Alberta in the last seven years to investigate possible risk factors for cancer of the prostate, skin and ovary. For each study, controls were randomly selected from an age- and sex-matched population. The information obtained from each control that agreed to participate in each study (n = 1236) included name, sex, date of birth, address and date of participation as well as the specific questions for each study. A review of these controls was carried out in 1988 by checking the number of deaths through death certificate listings from Vital Statistics (n = 142) and cancer incidence through the population-based Alberta Cancer Registry (n = 134). Of the 619 controls interviewed for the prostate cancer case control study in 1982 and 1983, 25 have been diagnosed with cancer of the prostate. From the non-melanoma skin cancer study, 15 cases from the 409 controls interviewed in 1983-1984 have been diagnosed with non-melanoma skin cancer. As for the 208 controls for ovarian cancer interviewed in 1985-1986 no new cases have been diagnosed. This possible ascertainment bias should be taken under consideration when case-control study analyses are carried out.
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PMID:Follow-up of controls participating in case-control studies for cancer risk factors. 195 70

UV radiation is a potent DNA damaging agent and a known inducer of skin cancer in experimental animals. There is excellent scientific evidence to indicate that most non-melanoma human skin cancers are induced by repeated exposure to sunlight. UV radiation is unique in that it induces DNA damage that differs from the lesions induced by any other carcinogen. The prevalence of skin cancer on sun-exposed body sites in individuals with the inherited disorder XP suggests that defective repair of UV-induced DNA damage can lead to cancer induction. Carcinogenesis in the skin, as elsewhere, is a multistep process in which a series of genetic and epigenetic events leads to the emergence of a clone of cells that have escaped normal growth control mechanisms. The principal candidates that are involved in these events are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes display a positive effect on transformation, whereas tumor suppressor genes have an essentially negative effect, blocking transformation. Activated ras oncogenes have been identified in human skin cancers. In most cases, the mutations in the ras oncogenes have been localized to pyrimidine-rich sequences, which indicates that these sites are probably the targets for UV-induced DNA damage and subsequent mutation and transformation. The finding that activation of ras oncogenes in benign and self-regressing keratoacanthomas in both humans and in animals indicates that they play a role in the early stages of carcinogenesis (Corominas et al., 1989; Kumar et al., 1990). Since cancers do not arise immediately after exposure to physical or chemical carcinogens, ras oncogenes must remain latent for long periods of time. Tumor growth and progression into the more malignant stages may require additional events involving activation of other oncogenes or deletion of growth suppressor genes. In addition, amplification of proto-oncogenes or other genes may also be involved in tumor induction or progression. In contrast to the few studies that implicate the involvement of oncogenes in UV carcinogenesis, the role of tumor suppressor genes in UV carcinogenesis is unknown. Since cancer-prone individuals, particularly XP patients, lack one or more repair pathways, one can speculate that DNA repair enzymes would confer susceptibility to both spontaneous and environmentally induced cancers. Another potential candidate that can function as a tumor suppressor gene is the normal c-Ha-ras gene. Spandidos and Wilkie (1988) have shown that the normal c-Ha-ras gene can suppress transformation induced by the mutated ras gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis. 208

An increase in skin cancer incidence due to an increase of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the best quantitated effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. Until now, estimates of effective UV dosages could not be based on spectral data on carcinogenicity. Instead the spectral dependence of sunburn or mutations was used. These data contained little information on longwave ultraviolet radiation (UVA: 315-380 nm). Recently, in hairless mice, experimental data have become available on the carcinogenic effectiveness of the ultraviolet, including UVA. From these new data we can estimate the effect of ozone depletion on the ambient annual carcinogenic UV dose. We find that a 1% decrease in ozone yields a 1.56% increase in annual carcinogenic UV; this value is not strongly dependent on geographical latitude. From this result, combined with the dose-response relationship for UV carcinogenesis, we conclude that for a 1% decrease in total column atmospheric ozone an increase of 2.7% in non-melanoma skin cancer is to be expected.
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PMID:Ozone depletion and increase in annual carcinogenic ultraviolet dose. 208 31

Chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC11) lasts for an average of 74 years in the atmosphere, CFC12 for an average of 111 years, and CFC113 for an average of 90 years. Every CFC molecule destroys thousands of molecules of stratospheric ozone. Recently, the extent of the Antarctic ozone hole has been recognized. The depletion of stratospheric ozone may lead to increase ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. UV-B radiation has many damaging effects on human health, such as snow blindness, cataract and skin cancer. UV-B radiation also suppresses the immune defenses against certain infections. While it is difficult to estimate the numerical effect on the basis of epidemiologic data in the U.S. A., UNEP and WHO estimate that for every 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone, there will be between a 0.3 to 0.6% increase in cataract. They also estimate that for every 1% depletion of ozone, the incidences of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma will increase 2.7, 4.6 and 0.6%, respectively. There is also concern that increased UV-B radiation might lead to an increase of the incidence and severity of infectious diseases due to suppression of the immune system. Since the data on UV-B exposure are extremely limited, it is necessary to confirm the incidence rate of skin cancer in various countries in relation to UV-B exposure.
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PMID:[Risk evaluation of stratospheric ozone depletion resulting from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) on human health]. 209 28


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