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Query: UMLS:C0024623 (gastric cancer)
 36,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The high prevalence of hypercoagulative states in cancer patients has been known for more than a century. Venous thrombosis in gastric cancer was described by Trousseau in 1865 [55]. In 1878, Billroth observed intravascular thrombus formation in association with metastasis [4]. Thrombohemorrhagic complications regularly occur in patients with disseminated malignancy and are related to an increase in fibrinogen and fibrin turnover. During the past decade, clinicians have witnessed considerable advances in the understanding of fibrinolysis. Initially centered on the role as part of a dynamic, hemostatic balance, research began to unravel the pathophysiological contribution of fibrinolysis to tumor progression. The mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis formation in cancer are of critical importance, since metastasis is the major cause of treatment failure and death. It has been suggested that cell-associated proteolytic enzymes contribute to tumor aggressiveness [11, 22, 23]. Fibrinolytic mechanisms are involved in a number of physiological processes in which tissue degradation and remodeling occurs. These include disruption of the ovarian follicle during ovulation and blastocyst implantation. These events in part resemble the invasive growth of cancer [37, 47]. Inspired by this hypothesis, the role of fibrinolytic processes in tumor invasion is under intensive study.
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PMID:Fibrinolytic mechanisms in tumor growth and spreading. 139 38

The influence of oxygen-derived free radical scavengers on survival in gastric cancer, with serosal invasion and metastases to the lymph nodes surrounding the stomach, was assessed in a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial conducted for 5 years. To this end, allopurinol (inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase which is responsible for the formation of superoxide radicals and scavengers hydroxyl radicals) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO; scavengers hydroxyl radicals) were used. Following potentially curative distal two-thirds partial gastrectomy, 228 patients making an uneventful recovery from surgery were randomized to the control group or to receive allopurinol (50 mg by mouth 4 times a day) or DMSO (500 mg by mouth 4 times a day). In 160 fully evaluable patients who were studied for 5 years, allopurinol and DMSO incurred a significant (p less than 0.01) survival advantage over the whole period of study. The similarity in efficacy between allopurinol and DMSO and the fact that the only action they share is scavenging oxyradicals suggest that these radicals mediate the aggressiveness of gastric cancer by producing tissue damage, thus allowing the cancer to spread. Consequently, oxygen-derived free radicals are implicated in the mechanism of gastric cancer, and removing them provides patients with a survival advantage.
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PMID:Oxygen-derived free-radical scavengers prolong survival in gastric cancer. 159 48

The prognostic influence on the DNA content was investigated in 189 patients (esophagus carcinoma n = 45, gastric cancer n = 103, pancreatic cancer n = 41) who underwent a curative resection. In a multivariate analysis the DNA content had a strong as well as an independent influence on the prognosis in esophagus cancer and in pancreatic carcinoma. In gastric cancer, the DNA content had no influence on the prognosis. These results show that the DNA content of the tumor cells, as a measurement of the numerous chromosomal aberrations, well reflects the aggressiveness of the tumor growth in esophagus- and pancreatic cancer. In these tumors it represents the decisive criteria for the prognostic judgement.
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PMID:[Image analysis of DNA cytometry in tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. 163 18

Ovarian metastases from extragenital malignant tumours. An anatomohistopathologic approach. 102 cases of ovarian metastases from extragenital malignant non hematopoietic primaries have been studied in the Institute of Anatomy and Histopathology of the Trieste University. Breast cancers, followed by colonic, gastric and pancreatic tumours are the most frequent spreading primaries to the ovaries. Generally speaking the ovarian metastases seems to be closely related to the lower age at the tumour onset and to the width of metastatic spreading; this is true mainly for breast and colorectal cancer. These features should suggest that tumour aggressiveness, rather than some tropism of malignant cells, could play the most important role in the metastatic involvement of ovaries. A double behaviour should be instead suggested for gastric cancer: the first one is consistent with those previously described for the other tumours, the second one is related to a less aggressive gastric cancer, arising in the elderly (mean age 73 years old) with isolated involvement of the ovary showing the features of Krukenberg tumours.
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PMID:[Ovarian metastases of extragenital tumors. Anatomo-pathological contribution to their interpretation]. 174 79

Abnormalities of the tumour suppressor gene p53 have been shown in approximately 60% of advanced gastric adenocarcinomas and it has been suggested that the immunohistochemical finding of increased p53 expression is a prognostic marker in gastric cancer. No studies of early (T1) tumours have been reported. Over expression of p53 protein in 95 early gastric carcinomas and in adjacent mucosa was investigated using immunohistochemistry with antibody CM1. Thirty five per cent of the tumours were positive. The frequency of p53 positivity in tumours of tubular histological type (46%) was significantly higher than that in signet ring tumours (10%) (p = 0.006), and neoplasms that invaded deeply into the submucosa were more frequently positive (45%) than others (30%). Five of eight (62%) T1 tumours with lymph node metastases showed immunoreactive p53. In signet ring tumours, immunopositivity correlated with the frequency of DNA aneuploidy. p53 Over expression was also found in 15% of 26 examples of high grade dysplasia in mucosa adjacent to invasive tumours. No positivity was found in intestinal metaplasia or in normal mucosa. The findings show that immunocytochemically demonstrable over expression of p53 correlates with other morphological markers of aggressiveness in T1 gastric adenocarcinoma. The increasing frequency of p53 immunoreactivity in the sequence of high grade dysplasia-->early gastric cancer-->advanced gastric cancer supports the view that abnormalities of p53 are related to tumour progression in gastric carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Expression of p53 in early (T1) gastric carcinoma and precancerous adjacent mucosa. 782 4

The EGF stimulation system for growth regulation is implicated in normal and neoplastic cell proliferation. The role of EGF, the EGF receptor, and c-erbB-2 in human gastric cancer is reviewed on the basis of several reports, which have been mainly oriented toward their clinical significance. EGF has been shown immunohistochemically to be present in 26% of gastric cancers (n = 395). The presence of EGF in gastric cancer is correlated with the degree of gastric wall invasion and lymph node metastasis. The 5-year survival of patients with EGF-positive tumors is worse than that of patients with EGF-negative tumors. The presence of EGF in human gastric cancer may therefore represent a higher malignant potential. Fifteen percent of gastric cancers (n = 352) were also shown to be positive for both EGF and the EGF receptor immunohistochemically, and the simultaneous occurrence of EGF and the EGF receptor suggests that these tumors grow in an autocrine fashion. Tumors exhibiting EGF and the EGF receptor simultaneously show a greater degree of local invasion and lymph node metastasis. Increased expression of EGF receptor protein in gastric cancer appears to be related to biologic aggressiveness, although gene amplification has occurred only to a small extent. Twelve percent of gastric cancers (n = 486) were found to be positive for c-erbB-2. This type of tumor has a frequent metastasis, and patients with c-erbB-2-positive cancer have a poorer prognosis than those with c-erbB-2-negative tumors. Selective blockade of the EGF receptor and c-erbB-2 from their ligands with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) inhibits the growth of human gastric cancer xenografts. These MoAbs may therefore be effective antitumor agents against gastric cancer showing overexpression of EGF receptors or c-erbB-2.
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PMID:Clinical significance of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor, and c-erbB-2 in human gastric cancer. 788 68

The mortality rate of gastric cancer in the Chinese population has reached a plateau. The main prognostic factor for gastric adenocarcinoma is recognized as tumor stage. Recently, abnormalities in DNA content have been considered as a new prognostic factor. Whether abnormal DNA content can be used as a prognostic tool for Chinese patients with gastric cancer is unknown. To investigate this relation DNA ploidy and prognosis of gastric cancer patients were studied using paraffin-embedded specimens. A group of 104 newly diagnosed and surgically resected gastric cancer specimens obtained from January 1984 to December 1986 were examined for DNA content by flow cytometry. The quality of flow cytometry was acceptable with a mean coefficient of variance of 5.45. The results showed that 38 cases (36.5%) had DNA aneuploidy; 42 cases had metastatic lymph nodes with enough tumor cells, and 31.0% of these cases had DNA aneuploidy. DNA aneuploidy of primary tumors was correlated to lymph node metastasis and patient's age, whereas DNA aneuploidy of metastatic lymph nodes was significantly correlated to the serosal invasion of the gastric wall at the primary site. The important parameters for prognosis were curability of surgical resection, serosal invasion, tumor size, and distant metastasis. DNA aneuploidy of both primary tumors or metastatic lymph nodes appeared to be unrelated to the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma in Chinese patients. We therefore propose that DNA aneuploidy of gastric cancer is associated with tumor growth but not biologic aggressiveness.
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PMID:DNA ploidy and biologic aggressiveness of gastric adenocarcinoma in Chinese. 809 87

The human c-erbB-2 protooncogene product (erbB-2 protein) is a 185 kilodalton glycoprotein closely related to epidermal growth factor receptor protein. In this study, we measured the concentration of circulating erbB-2 protein in cancer patients by means of a new immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), SV2-61 gamma and 6G10, recognize erbB-2 protein but bind to separate epitopes. SV2-61 gamma was used as an immunoadsorbent and 6G10 as an 125I-labeled probe. A serum was considered positive for erbB-2 protein if the percent binding exceeded the mean of the normal group by more than 3 standard deviations. Eleven of 21 patients with advanced breast cancer and 1 of 15 with advanced gastric cancer were positive. Serum erbB-2 protein levels correlated well with the therapy and the status of the patients with breast cancer. On the contrary, all patients with advanced colon, ovarian, or pancreatic cancers, showed levels below the cut-off value. These results suggest that circulating erbB-2 protein can be measured using the newly constructed IRMA. Since c-erbB-2 protooncogene amplification and overexpression are accepted as a good marker of aggressiveness, relapsing potency, and poor prognosis, this IRMA should be a promising tool with which to help manage breast cancer patients.
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PMID:Construction of immunoradiometric assay for circulating c-erbB-2 protooncogene product in advanced breast cancer patients. 809 2

Carcinogenesis in the human colon is associated with a marked increase of urokinase type plasminogen activator and a decrease of tissue type plasminogen activator. This study was performed to determine the concentrations of urokinase type plasminogen activator and tissue type plasminogen activator in normal tissue and carcinomas along the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. Activity and antigen levels of both activators were determined in homogenates of endoscopically obtained biopsies from normal and carcinomatous tissues. Although the concentrations of tissue type plasminogen activator and urokinase type plasminogen activator in normal squamous epithelium of the oesophagus were low compared with those in columnar epithelium from the stomach, the urokinase type plasminogen activator/tissue type plasminogen activator antigen ratio of the different locations showed hardly any difference. Significant but heterogeneous increases were found in urokinase type plasminogen activator concentrations of biopsy specimens originating from carcinomas of both epithelial cell types. A decrease in tissue type plasminogen activator concentrations, as found in human colon carcinomas, could only be shown in carcinomas of columnar epithelium origin but not in squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus. The increase of urokinase type plasminogen activator and urokinase type plasminogen activator/tissue type plasminogen activator antigen ratio and the decrease of tissue type plasminogen activator in the carcinomas did not show a significant correlation with known prognostic determinants as differentiation grade, TNM classification, intestinal metaplasia, inflammation, and ulceration. The heterogeneous increase of urokinase type plasminogen activator in oesophageal and stomach carcinomas, together with the recently described association of urokinase type plasminogen activator in tissue extracts of breast carcinomas with aggressiveness and prognosis, may be relevance to prognostic studies, may be of relevance to prognostic studies in oesophageal and gastric cancer.
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PMID:Plasminogen activators in normal tissue and carcinomas of the human oesophagus and stomach. 843 57

To evaluate clinical importance of the expression of sialyl Lewis-X (sLe(x)) and sialyl Lewis-a antigen (sLe(a)) in gastrointestinal cancers, we examined immunohistochemically expression of the two antigens in esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer. Expression of sLe(x) and sLe(a) were associated with several clinicopathologic features which reflect tumor aggressiveness in esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer, but not in pancreatic cancer. In esophageal and colorectal cancer, survival rate of the patients with sLe(x) positive tumors was significantly poorer than that of the patients with sLe(x) negative tumors, while in gastric cancer that with sLe(a) positive tumors was significantly poorer than that with sLe(a) negative. Cox's multivariate analysis revealed that sLe(x) expression status was one of the significant discriminants of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients and sLe(a) status in gastric cancer patients. These results suggest that sLe(x) and sLe(a) expression could be involved in aggressiveness of gastrointestinal cancer and might prove to be a potent marker for prognosis in patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
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PMID:[Clinical value of carbohydrate antigens, sialyl Lewis-x and sialyl Lewis-a in gastrointestinal cancer]. 863 46


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