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Query: UMLS:C0024623 (gastric cancer)
 36,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of gastric cancer varies widely by country and population, with higher rates among the lower socioeconomic groups. Although the most common cause of cancer death in the United States in 1930, its incidence has decreased dramatically during the past 60 years. Most populations show a 2-1 ratio for male to female gastric cancer cases, and a higher incidence rate among United States blacks than whites. Although rates have generally decreased, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of gastric cancer in the cardia. Diet has been the most studied risk factor for gastric cancer. Of particular interest have been N-nitroso compounds derived from the consumption of preserved, smoked, and cured foods. An inverse association with the consumption of fruits and vegetables has also been consistently demonstrated, though the specific nutrient(s) that this represents has been unclear, although ascorbate and beta-carotene have been intensively studied. Among nondietary factors, substantial evidence has accumulated for an increased risk with Helicobacter pylori infection. Other exposures which have been fairly consistently associated with gastric cancer include cigarette smoking, partial gastrectomy, radiation exposure, family history, pernicious anemia, blood group A, certain occupational exposures, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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PMID:Epidemiology of gastric cancer. 865 12

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in several human cancers, such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric cancer, and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. However, the role of EBV in the development of these cancers is still controversial. During cultivation of the EBV-positive BL line Akata, we found that EBV DNA is lost from some of the cells. Isolation of EBV-positive and -negative cell clones with the same origin made it possible to examine the effects of EBV in BL cells. The results indicate that malignant phenotypes of BL, such as the growth in low serum, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity in nude mice, are dependent on the presence of EBV genomes and underline the oncogenic function of EBV in human cancer.
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PMID:Pathogenic role of Epstein-Barr virus in human cancer. 868 19

We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of EBV-associated gastric cancers among poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas. A total of 412 patients with poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma were studied for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNA. EBV genomes were detected in the tumor cell nuclei of 83 gastric cancers (20.1%). Of these EBV-positive cancers, 60 were histologically classified as gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Comparing various clinicopathological data with EBV status in gastric cancers revealed a significantly large discrepancy between the clinical and pathological lymph node evaluation of the EBV-positive cancers as compared with that of EBV-negative cancers. These results indicated that a strong host immune reaction occurs in the regional lymph nodes of EBV-associated gastric cancers, and that surgeons should be warned against clinically overestimating the stage of EBV-associated gastric cancer.
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PMID:Discrepancy between clinical and pathological lymph node evaluation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancers. 892 Jul 71

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been found in most cases of rare gastric lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas and a small but significant proportion of common gastric adenocarcinomas. The presence of EBV in gastric cancer has been detected by polymerase chain reaction and in-situ hybridization, the latter technique demonstrating EBV in every malignant epithelial cell. The carcinoma cells express EBNA1 but not the other EBNAs or LMP1. A single fused terminal fragment of the EBV genome was detected in each of the EBNA1-expressing tumours suggesting that the virus-positive gastric carcinomas represent a clonal proliferation of EBV-infected cells. EBV antibody titres were elevated in patients with virus-positive carcinomas and also in those destined to develop EBV-positive carcinomas. EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity was retained in patients with EBV-positive carcinomas suggesting that the tumours can evade immunosurveillance possibly by only expressing the EBNA1 protein which is not able to be processed and presented. These results implicate EBV as one of the factors contributing to the development of gastric cancer.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. 894 1

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated as a causal virus of gastric cancer with episomal monoclonality, elevated antibodies and a unique morphologic expression in the early intramucosal stage, but the infection mechanisms have not been demonstrated. EBV has been shown only in the cancerous lesions by the highly sensitive EBV-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) method, not in the dysplastic mucosa adjacent to the cancer. A case is presented of multiple EBV-positive gastric cancer and dysplastic epithelium observed in a 52-year-old man. Serial cut sections of the gastrectomy specimen showed four small cancerous lesions, three of which were EBER-positive, and three EBER-positive, minute, non-cancerous dysplastic lesions. The three cancerous lesions were intramucosal cancer, with one having minimal submucosal invasion forming a lymphoepithelioma-like histology. All of these EBER-positive cancerous and dysplastic lesions showed intense CD8 T-lymphocytic infiltration. There was no such findings in the EBV-negative cancerous lesion. It was concluded that EBV infection may occur in the epithelial cells of atrophic gastric mucosa, and progress to cancer with monoclonal expansion through the EBV-positive dysplastic change. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytic reactions can occur even in the dysplastic lesions. Multifocal EBV infection in the gastric mucosa may occur and, if necessary, total gastrectomy is recommended in such a case.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus-positive multiple early gastric cancers and dysplastic lesions: a case report. 936 Nov 10

The 30-base pair (bp) deletion of the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminal domain of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) gene was analyzed in 37 frozen tissues from patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related gastric cancer and 18 throat washings from healthy adults in southern Japan. The 30-bp deletion was identified in 33 (91.7%) of 36 specimens of EBV-related gastric cancers and in 15 (83.3%) of 18 throat washings from healthy adults. In one case of gastric cancer, an additional 9-bp deletion was identified downstream of the 30-bp deletion. From the last transmembrane domain to the end of the carboxy terminal of LMP-1, mutations were examined in 37 cases of gastric cancers and in three cases of throat washings. Twenty-eight nonsilent mutations were identified in this region of EBV-related gastric cancer and throat washings. Five nonsilent mutations at positions 168,755, 168,746, 168,687, 168,357, and 168,355 were identified in all 30-bp-deleted cases of EBV-related gastric cancers and throat washings. However, these nonsilent mutations were not identified in three patients without the 30-bp deletion. Although the deletion and single-base mutations of the LMP-1 gene in gastric cancers and throat washings were similar to those of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan and China, more single-base mutations were found in southern Japan. These data indicate that high prevalence of the 30-bp deletion of the LMP-1 gene in gastric cancers may reflect the prevalence of the deletion variant in the normal population in southern Japan.
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PMID:Deletions and single-base mutations within the carboxy-terminal region of the latent membrane protein 1 oncogene in Epstein-Barr virus-related gastric cancers of southern Japan. 989

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the genesis of gastric carcinoma. The presence of clonal episomal viral forms in the nuclei of neoplastic gastric epithelial cells suggests that viral infection occurs before the development of gastric carcinoma. Mexico is a country at high risk for gastric cancer-it is the second cause of death among patients who die of cancer in that country. A series of 135 consecutive non-selected gastrectomies from two hospitals in Mexico City were analyzed to search for EBV in gastric carcinomas. EBV-encoded small non-polyadenylated RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization was performed on 5-microm paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Age, gender, anatomical site, histological type, and invasiveness of gastric carcinomas were obtained from the records in the corresponding Departments of Pathology. Eleven (8.15%) of the 135 cases were EBER-1-positive gastric carcinomas. Six occurred in males and five in females. In three women, the neoplasia was localized in the antrum. Five of the 11 cases were lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas and, in two of them, an unusual foreign body-type inflammation was observed. Environmental factors could influence the distinctive pathologic features of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma in the Mexican population.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Mexico: analysis of 135 consecutive gastrectomies in two hospitals. 1049 95

The paper presents the results of the studies of gastric cancer (GC) associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) among the patients residing in 4 geographical regions. In situ hybridization (ISH) techniques revealed that 49(11.4%) of the 430 examinees were EBV positive (EBV+), the virus-specific marker mRNA-1 of EBV, EBER-1) was found to be present in 80-100) of tumor cells. The proportion of EBV(+)-associated GC cases in different geographic regions ranged from 7.3 to 15%. These tumors were predominant in males (15%) as opposite to females (5.5%). Histological types most common among EBV+ tumors and their location in the stomach are also described. Serological findings indicated that the increased anti-EDV antibody response in 70% of GC cases coincided with the presence of the viral genetic information detected by ISH. In contrast to a humoral response to EBV, a humoral response to Helicobacter pylori was equal both in patients with EBV(+)- and EBV(-)-associated gastric tumors. Further molecular biological analysis of EBV isolates from virus positive and virus negative GC may answer the question whether there are really the so-called tumor and non-tumor variants of EBV.
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PMID:[Molecular biological and clinical-morphological studies of gastric tumors associated with Epstein-Barr virus]. 1076 32

Since previous published studies about second malignant tumors (SMTs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients usually included a limited sample size and did not attain consistent results, we conducted a large retrospective study in a cohort of 1,549 patients to assess the risk of SMT in NPC patients following radiotherapy (RT) in Taiwan. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 16 years, with a median of 7 years. Thirty-nine patients developed SMTs during the 7,145 person-year follow-up [standardized incidence ratio (SIR): 2. 8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0 to 3.9]. Increased risks of developing SMTs were observed for head and neck (H/N) cancer (SIR: 16.5; 95% CI: 10.0 to 26.8), gastric cancer (SIR: 5.5; 95% CI: 2.2 to 11.4) and leukemia (SIR: 9; 95% CI: 1.9 to 26.3). Paraffin-embedded specimens of secondary H/N cancer (11), secondary gastric cancer (6) and their corresponding NPC specimens were examined by EBER in situ hybridization to assess the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and these SMTs. Twenty-six primary H/N and 5 gastric cancer specimens were chosen as the control groups. In H/N cancer, EBV was detected in 3.8% of the primary cancers and 9.1% of the secondary cancers. All the positive specimens resulted from hypopharyngeal cancer. Of the secondary gastric cancers, only 1 case (16.6%) was associated with EBV. None of the primary gastric cancers was associated with EBV. Our results indicate an increased risk of developing SMTs, with a preference for head and neck cancer, gastric cancer and leukemia, in NPC patients after RT in Taiwan. Only a small proportion of the secondary H/N and gastric cancers was associated with EBV.
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PMID:Second malignant tumors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their association with Epstein-Barr virus. 1086 79

Clinicopathological analysis, microsatellite analysis, detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and immunohistochemistry on p53 protein were performed in 26 cases of gastric remnant cancer (GRC). They were divided into two groups; Group A (n = 14) who had undergone a primary gastrectomy for benign gastric disease, and Group B (n = 12) who had undergone the same operation for gastric cancer. EBV infection was present in 29% of Group A, 8% of Group B and 6% of the conventional gastric carcinoma (CGC) (Group A vs CGC, P = 0.01). Microsatellite instability (MSI) was found in 7% of Group A, 25% of Group B, and 9% of the CGC (Group B vs CGC; P = 0.08). p53 Overexpression was observed in 46% of the GRC and 33% of the CGC. p53 Overexpression was observed in 90% of the intestinal type of GRC, but in only 20% of the diffuse type of GRC (P = 0.002). The cancer stage was a significant factor in the univariate analysis of survival (P = 0.04). In conclusion, GRC is different from CGC in terms of MSI or EBV association. The pathogenetic differences between the two groups require further investigation. EBV infection may have been involved in the carcinogenesis of Group A. MSI may be an important factor in the carcinogenesis of metachronous multiple gastric cancer (Group B).
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PMID:Microsatellite instability and Epstein-Barr virus infection in gastric remnant cancers. 1088 25


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