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Query: UMLS:C0024623 (gastric cancer)
 36,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Evidence pertaining to the role of dietary factors in carcinogenesis comes from both epidemiological studies and laboratory experiments. In 1982, the Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer of the National Research Council conducted a comprehensive evaluation of this evidence. That assessment as well as recent epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggest that a high fat diet is associated with increased susceptibility to cancer of different sites, particularly the breast and colon, and to a lesser extent, the prostate. Current data permit no definitive conclusions about other dietary macroconstituents including cholesterol, total caloric intake, protein, carbohydrates and total dietary fiber. Specific components of fiber, however, may have a protective effect against colon cancer. In epidemiological studies, frequent consumption of certain fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits and carotene-rich and cruciferous vegetables, is associated with a lower incidence of cancers at various sites. The specific components responsible for these effects are not clearly identified, although the epidemiological evidence appears to be most consistent for a protective effect of carotene on lung cancer and less so for vitamins A and C and various cancer sites. The laboratory evidence is most consistent for vitamin A deficiency and enhanced tumorigenesis, and for the ability of various nonnutritive components in cruciferous vegetables to block in-vivo carcinogenesis. The data for minerals and carcinogenesis are extremely limited, although preliminary evidence from both epidemiological and laboratory studies suggests that selenium may protect against overall cancer risk. Frequent consumption of cured, pickled, or smoked foods, possibly because they may contain nitrosamines or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, appears to increase the risk of esophageal or stomach cancer, however, the specific causative agents in these foods are not clearly identified. Excessive alcohol consumption among smokers appears to be associated with an elevated risk of cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, and respiratory tract. The mechanisms of action of dietary factors on carcinogenesis are poorly understood. The NRC committee, and more recently, the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society have proposed interim dietary guidelines to lower the risk of cancer. These guidelines are consistent with general dietary recommendations proposed by U.S. government agencies for maintenance of good health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Diet, nutrition, and cancer. 301 Mar 79

Involvement of diet and nutrition as risk factors for human cancers has been established by two general types of evidence. Epidemiological studies in human populations have identified associations between patterns of incidence for various forms of cancer and diet composition or food consumption patterns. Such associations are particularly evident in studies on migrant populations and in patterns of geographic localization of specific forms of cancer. Reduction in gastric cancer (and increase in colon cancer) incidence has been observed in immigrants from Japan to the U.S. via Hawaii with concurrent change in dietary habits. High fat consumption has been linked to increased incidence of breast and colon cancer, and evidence is accumulating that suggests increased intake of dietary fiber (or some specific component of it) may be associated with diminished risk of colorectal cancer. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the existence of dietary constituents that might impact cancer risk in people consuming them. Substances in this class fall into two general categories: genotoxic carcinogens/mutagens; and protective factors which inhibit experimentally-induced chemical carcinogenesis in animals. Numerous naturally-occurring carcinogens/mutagens have been identified. Examples include aflatoxins, cycasin, and bracken fern carcinogen(s), among others. Genotoxic substances associated with the use of intentional food additives are the N-nitroso compounds formed as nitrosation products from nitrite. Potential carcinogenic risk from food constituents also comes from mutagens found in foods as natural components, or formed in the course of cooking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diet and nutrition as risk factors for cancer. 302 65

The relationship between dietary fiber consumption and risk of gastrointestinal cancer in humans is examined using representative studies of several types: international and intranational correlations, case-control analyses, metabolic investigations, cohort studies, and migrant studies. The strongest statistical association between diet and cancer is found in international studies in which numerous environmental variables differ. Studies on smaller groups within a single culture have not given strong support to the findings of international comparisons. Colon cancer rates within regions of the U.S. and other countries vary with sufficient magnitude that diet is unlikely to account for more than a minor proportion of risk. The evidence that a diet containing fiber-rich foods reduces risk of colon cancer must be considered tentative. Foods high in starch and fiber are statistically associated with a high rate of stomach cancer. Examination of the combined rates of colon and gastric cancer shows that the U.S. risk is low relative to countries in which a diet higher in fiber is consumed. It would be premature to suggest that a high fiber diet will confer protection against gastrointestinal cancer.
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PMID:Dietary fiber and human cancer: critique of the literature. 303 97

A sandwich enzyme immunoassay was established to measure an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen (antigen YH206) detected by monoclonal antibody YH206. Levels of antigen YH206 exceeding the cut-off value (25 U/ml) were found in the following percentages of 163 patients with various cancers: stomach cancer 37.2%, colon cancer 14.8%, pancreas cancer 43.3%, common bile duct cancer 28.6%. In contrast, only one out of 33 (3.0%) healthy donors and 7 of 104 (6.7%) patients with benign diseases had slightly elevated levels of the antigen. As regards the relationship between antigen YH206 levels and clinical stages, abnormally high levels of the antigen were found in the following percentages of 29 patients with stomach cancer: stage I 16.7%, II 0%, III 42.9% and IV 54.5%. Serial monitoring of antigen YH206 in two patients with cancer revealed that the level of the antigen increased as the disease progressed. It was also found that perchloric acid treatment of serum might be useful to decrease any false-positive reactions.
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PMID:A sandwich enzyme immunoassay of an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen, YH206, in cancer sera. 303 13

The most consistent benefit of consumption of adequate dietary fiber is regular laxation; this effect alone justifies inclusion of fiber in the diet, in view of the enormous expenditure on drugs for digestive diseases. Dietary fiber has proved effective in decreasing symptoms of diverticular disease, Crohn's disease, and hemorrhoids in a limited number of small clinical studies. Fiber may also reduce the incidence of gallstone formation. Fiber is currently being touted as protection against colon cancer. However, the epidemiological and experimental data do not provide convincing evidence that fiber alone is a major determinant of risk for colon cancer. Furthermore, the data from international comparisons indicating that fiber is protective against colon cancer can be used in a similar simplistic manner to suggest that fiber may be a risk factor for stomach cancer. This should not dissuade individuals from obtaining adequate fiber from a wide variety of foods but should caution them against consumption of excessive amounts of fiber from a single source or from dietary supplements.
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PMID:The role of dietary fiber in gastrointestinal disease. 304 Aug 40

We have developed a simple in vitro method for the semiquantitative assessment of the radiolabeled antibody binding to cancer and normal tissues. Indium-111-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of 17-1A and 19-9 monoclonal antibodies with well-characterized specificity for gastrointestinal cancer demonstrated similar binding properties between cultured cancer cells and membrane fractions of homogenates prepared from tumor tissues. All of the 17 colon cancer specimens and seven (64%) of 11 gastric cancer specimens obtained by surgery showed positive binding with 17-1A. Specific binding of 19-9 was observed in 9 (53%) colon cancers and 4 (36%) gastric cancers. However, some normal colon tissues were also positive with 111In-labeled 17-1A. Relative levels of CA 19-9 antigen expression, determined by the binding with radiolabeled antibodies, correlated with percent positive cells determined by the immunohistochemical assays. Furthermore, membrane fractions could be cryopreserved without losing antibody-binding activity. These results indicate that this assay can be used for testing the immunoreactivity of radiolabeled anti-tumor antibodies and in vitro binding properties to cancer and normal tissues.
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PMID:Semiquantitative in vitro binding assay of indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibodies to human cancer and normal tissues. 304 24

Sensitivities to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by chemicals of peripheral lymphocytes from 26 cancer patients were estimated under conditions identical to those for healthy humans which had been reported (Cancer Res., 43: 439-442, 1983). The sensitive individual was defined as one whose cells give a mean induced SCE frequency more than 2 standard deviation units above the population mean of induced SCEs in cells from the healthy humans. When cells were treated with 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4, 3-b]indole in the presence of rat liver S9 mix, 8 in 10 stomach cancer patients, 4 in 4 colon cancer patients, 3 in 9 lung cancer patients, 0 in 3 patients bearing other cancers, and 0 in 9 non-cancerous individuals were sensitive. The corresponding frequency of individuals in the healthy population, reported previously, was 1 in 33 persons. Thus, the frequency of sensitive individuals in the combined group of stomach and colon cancer patients was very significantly higher than were frequencies in control groups. Three in 10 patients with stomach cancer and 4 in 16 patients with other cancers were sensitive to induction of SCE by methyl methanesulfonate. Six in these 7 methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive patients were also 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole sensitive. The frequency of methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive individuals in the healthy populations was 2 in 50. There was no patient who was sensitive to SCE induction by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. The frequency was not significantly different from the healthy population, in which 3 in 50 persons were sensitive. These results suggest that a particular cancer correlates with the sensitivity of peripheral lymphocytes to SCE induction by particular chemicals.
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PMID:Novel responses of peripheral lymphocytes of cancer patients to chemical induction of sister chromatid exchanges. 307 70

Using the human tumor clonogenic assay technique, the combined effects of mitomycin C (MMC) with alpha-interferon (HLBI) were surveyed in comparison with 33 fresh human tumor specimens. Tumors in this study were 16 gastric cancers, five breast cancers, four liposarcomas, three colon cancers, two gall bladder cancers, two esophageal cancers, and one hepatoma. When the survival fraction observed in drug combination was smaller than the multiplication of each survival fraction observed in each drug alone, the combined effects were considered to be synergistic. Twenty-two of 33 tumors (gastric cancer 11/16, breast cancer 5/5, liposarcoma 2/4, colon cancer 1/3, gall bladder cancer 2/2, esophageal cancer 1/2, and hepatoma 0/1) formed adequate colony numbers for the evaluation of combined drug effects. Synergistic effects were observed in seven tumors (three gastric cancers, one breast cancer, one gall bladder cancer, one liposarcoma and one esophageal cancer), although three tumors (one gastric cancer, one gall bladder cancer, and one colon cancer) exhibited antagonistic effects.
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PMID:[In vitro phase II-III study by clonogenic assay: the combined effects of mitomycin C with alpha-interferon]. 308 90

Potential risks of gastrointestinal cancers after cholecystectomy were examined among 1238 patients who had had their gallbladders extirpated for benign biliary diseases from 1951 to 1970. The observed deaths between 1953 and 1984 were compared with the expected values which were calculated from death rates in Japan. No appreciable excess mortality was found for stomach cancer, colorectal cancer or pancreas cancer in relation to cholecystectomy. Observed and expected deaths during the whole observation period were 29 vs. 31.58 for stomach cancer, 8 vs. 6.50 for colorectal cancer overall, 5 vs. 3.19 for colon cancer and 3 vs. 3.51 for pancreas cancer. The corresponding figures in the 10 years or more after cholecystectomy were 14 vs. 19.06 for stomach cancer, 5 vs. 4.66 for colorectal cancer and 3 vs. 2.38 for colon cancer. A notably increased mortality from liver cancer was observed, but it was considered to be related not to cholecystectomy itself but to blood transfusion.
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PMID:Cancer mortality among patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign biliary diseases. 308 92

In vitro chemosensitivity tests of anticancer agents for 119 fresh human tumors were performed by the human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) technique and the following results were obtained. Colony growth (greater than or equal to 5 colonies/dish) was observed in 35 of 50 gastric cancers (70.0%), 10 of 17 colon cancers (58.8%), 13 of 14 breast cancers (92.9%), two of six esophageal cancers (33.3%), three of six sarcomas (50.0%), three of 16 hematological malignancies (18.8%) and seven of 10 other tumors (70.0%). Colony growth rate differed according to the type of tumor. Fifty four tumors formed adequate colony growth (greater than or equal to 30 colonies/dish) for the chemosensitivity test. Mitomycin C (MMC), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 4-hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide (CPM), Adriamycin (ADM), Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP), and alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) were tested. The average positive rates of MMC, 5-FU, CPM, CDDP, and IFN-alpha were 26.9, 21.6, 10.5, 26.9, 36.8, and 23.3% respectively for all the tumors tested. In gastric cancer, the positive rates of MMC and 5-FU were 24.0 and 21.6% respectively, whereas the rates were 33.3 and 33.3% in colon cancer and 18.2 and 16.7% in breast cancer respectively. Each tumor exhibited its own chemosensitivity rates against various anticancer agents. Eighteen of the results obtained were comparable to clinical responses. The true positive rate was 50.0% (2/4) and the true negative rate 92.9% (13/14). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the results of HTCA and clinical responses (chi 2 test, p less than 0.05). The combined effects of IFN-alpha and MMC were surveyed against 20 gastroenterological tumors. Nine tumors exhibited synergistic effect, though antagonistic effect was observed in three tumors. The effects of oxygen tension (2%, 5%, 20%) on colony growth were investigated. The greatest development of colonies occurred at an oxygen of five percent, which is considered to be physiological oxygen tension, and statistically significant increases of plating efficiencies at 5% O2 as compared to those at 20% O2 were observed (t-test, p less than 0.025).
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical studies on chemosensitivity tests of anticancer agents by human tumor clonogenic assay]. 309 23


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