Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024623 (gastric cancer)
 36,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies have lacked sufficient power to assess associations between early-life socioeconomic position and adult cause-specific mortality. The authors examined associations of parental social class at age 0-16 years with mortality among 1,824,064 Swedes born in 1944-1960. Females and males from manual compared with nonmanual childhood social classes were more likely to die from smoking-related cancers, stomach cancer, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Males from manual compared with nonmanual social classes were more likely to die from unintentional injury, homicide, and alcoholic cirrhosis. The association with stomach cancer was little affected by adjustment for parental later-life and own adult social class or education. For other outcomes, educational attainment resulted in greater attenuation of associations than did adjustment for adult social class. Early-life social class was not related to suicide or to melanoma, colon, breast, brain, or lymphatic cancers or to leukemia. With the exception of stomach cancer, caused by Helicobacter pylori infection acquired in childhood, poorer social class in early life was associated with diseases largely caused by behavioral risk factors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet. Educational attainment may be important in reducing the health inequalities associated with early-life disadvantage.
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PMID:Association of childhood socioeconomic position with cause-specific mortality in a prospective record linkage study of 1,839,384 individuals. 1698 23

The authors have investigated associations between offspring size at birth and parental cardiovascular disease mortality among 12,086 mothers and 6,936 fathers of participants in the British 1958 birth cohort. Birth weight was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in both mothers and fathers. The adjusted hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease mortality for a 1-standard deviation increase in offspring birth weight in mothers was 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82, 0.93) and in fathers was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.99). The association was not specific for cardiovascular disease. In fathers, similar weak associations with violent and accidental deaths, stomach cancer, and alcohol- and smoking-related outcomes were found. Weak associations for these outcomes were also found for mothers, but the magnitude of the association with cardiovascular disease was greater than with any other outcomes. In a meta-analysis pooling results from this study with six others, the adjusted hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease mortality among mothers was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.84) and that among fathers was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.95), with evidence that the difference in effect between mothers and fathers was not due to chance (p < 0.001). The weak association of offspring birth weight with cardiovascular disease in fathers may be due to residual confounding by factors such as socioeconomic position and smoking that they share with the offspring's mother and that would therefore be associated with low offspring birth weight as well as adverse outcomes in the father. The stronger association in mothers is consistent with intergenerational effects on intrauterine growth and with the fetal origins hypothesis.
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PMID:Offspring birth weight and parental mortality: prospective observational study and meta-analysis. 1748 30

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Raised blood pressure (BP), cholesterol and smoking, are the major risk factors. Among these, raised BP is the most important cause, accounting for 62% of strokes and 49% of coronary heart disease. Importantly, the risk is throughout the range of BP, starting at systolic 115 mm Hg. There is strong evidence that our current consumption of salt is the major factor increasing BP and thereby CVD. Furthermore, a high salt diet may have direct harmful effects independent of its effect on BP, for example, increasing the risk of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy and renal disease. Increasing evidence also suggests that salt intake is related to obesity through soft drink consumption, associated with renal stones and osteoporosis and is probably a major cause of stomach cancer. In most developed countries, a reduction in salt intake can be achieved by a gradual and sustained reduction in the amount of salt added to food by the food industry. In other countries where most of the salt consumed comes from salt added during cooking or from sauces, a public health campaign is needed to encourage consumers to use less salt. Several countries have already reduced salt intake, for example, Japan (1960-1970), Finland (1975 onwards) and now the United Kingdom. The challenge is to spread this out to all other countries. A modest reduction in population salt intake worldwide will result in a major improvement in public health.
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PMID:A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. 1972 26

An inverse association between serum total cholesterol and cancer mortality cast a controversy for cause or result of low cholesterol on cancer risk. Therefore, we examined a total of 33,368 Japanese men and women aged 40-69 years, who were free of prior diagnosis of cancer and cardiovascular disease, undertook serum total cholesterol measurement and completed a food frequency questionnaire between 1990 and 1994. They were followed to ascertain incident total and major sites of cancer until the end of 2004 to examine sex-specific associations between cholesterol and cancer risk by incident time, stage and virus infection. After 412,714 person-years of follow-up, 2,728 incident cancers were documented. Serum total cholesterol levels were inversely associated with risk of total cancer in men, with strong inverse associations with stomach cancer in men and liver cancer in both sexes. After exclusion for first 3-year incident cases and advanced cases with metastasis, the inverse association diminished for total and stomach cancers but remained for liver cancer. The multivariable hazard ratios (95% CI) for serum total cholesterol <4.14 mmol/l versus 4.65-5.16 mmol/l were 1.15(0.92-1.43); p-trend across the overall cholesterol categories = 0.25 for total cancer and 1.18(0.79-1.75), p-trend = 0.04 for stomach cancer and 5.12(1.65-15.9), p-trend = 0.0011 for liver cancer in men, and 5.73(1.57-20.9), p-trend = 0.0007 for liver cancer in women. The sustained excess risk of liver cancer associated with low cholesterol was observed regardless of hepatitis-C-virus infection and drinking habits. Although the inverse association for liver cancer remained to be examined further, our findings do not support that low serum total cholesterol levels increase risks of total cancer and other major sites.
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PMID:Serum cholesterol levels in relation to the incidence of cancer: the JPHC study cohorts. 1954 28

Raised blood pressure is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, responsible for 62% of stroke and 49% of coronary heart disease. There is overwhelming evidence that dietary salt is the major cause of raised blood pressure and that a reduction in salt intake lowers blood pressure, thereby, reducing blood pressure-related diseases. Several lines of evidence including ecological, population, and prospective cohort studies, as well as outcome trials, demonstrate that a reduction in salt intake is related to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence also suggests that a high salt intake may directly increase the risk of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, and renal disease; is associated with obesity through soft drink consumption; is related to renal stones and osteoporosis; is linked to the severity of asthma; and is probably a major cause of stomach cancer. In most developed countries, a reduction in salt intake can be achieved by a gradual and sustained reduction in the amount of salt added to foods by the food industry. In other countries where most of the salt consumed comes from salt added during cooking or from sauces, a public health campaign is needed to encourage consumers to use less salt. Several countries have already reduced salt intake. The challenge now is to spread this out to all other countries. A modest reduction in population salt intake worldwide will result in a major improvement in public health.
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PMID:Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. 2022 55

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants that are thought to contribute to prevention of cardiovascular disease and malignancy. Although many studies have been carried out to investigate the chemopreventive role of flavonoids, less attention has been focused on phenolic acids. In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of phenolic acids found abundantly in vegetables, i.e. gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), on the inhibition of gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell metastasis. The results showed 0.01 mM GA induced the same level of cell toxicity as 4.0mM PCA. Using wound-healing assay and Boyden chamber assay, GA had potent inhibitory effects on AGS cell migration. The expression of MMP-2/9 of AGS cells was inhibited by 2.0 microM of GA. It is possible that the suppressive effect of GA on MMP-2/9 might involve the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Multiple proteins involved in metastasis and the cytoskeletal reorganization signal pathway, including Ras, Cdc42, Rac1, RhoA, RhoB, PI3K and p38MAPK, were also inhibited by GA. Furthermore, immunoreactivity assay of cytoskeletal F-actin demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of GA treatment. In conclusion, GA may have the potential to be an effective agent for prevention and treatment of gastric cancer metastasis.
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PMID:Anti-metastasis effects of gallic acid on gastric cancer cells involves inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and downregulation of PI3K/AKT/small GTPase signals. 2060 May 40

Besides cardiovascular disease, a high salt intake causes other adverse health effects, i.e., gastric and some other cancers, obesity (risk factor for many cancer sites), Meniere's disease, worsening of renal disease, triggering an asthma attack, osteoporosis, exacerbation of fluid retention, renal calculi, etc. Diets containing high amounts of food preserved by salting and pickling are associated with an increased risk of cancers of the stomach, nose and throat. Because gastric cancer is still the most common cancer in some countries (especially in Japan), its prevention is one of the most important aspects of cancer control strategy. Observations among Japanese immigrants in the U.S.A. and Brazil based on the geographic differences, the trend in cancer incidence with time, and change in the incidence patterns indicate that gastric cancer is closely associated with dietary factors such as the intake of salt and salted food. The findings of many epidemiological studies suggest that high dietary salt intake is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer and this association was found to be strong in the presence of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection with atrophic gastritis. A high-salt intake strips the lining of the stomach and may make infection with H. pylori more likely or may exacerbate the infection. Salting, pickling and smoking are traditionally popular ways of preparing food in Japan and some parts of Asia. In addition to salt intake, cigarette smoking and low consumption of fruit and vegetables increase the risk of stomach cancer. However, it is not known whether it is specifically the salt in these foods or a combination of salt and other chemicals that can cause cancer. One study identified a mutagen in nitrite-treated Japanese salted fish, and chemical structure of this mutagen suggests that it is derived from methionine and that salt and nitrite are precursors for its formation. Working under conditions of heat stress greatly increased the workers' salt excretion through perspiration. Workers exposed to heat stress consumed as much as 13-38 g salt daily. As salt strongly enhances and promotes chemical gastric carcinogenesis and H. pylori infection in both humans and animals, there is an association between work, salt intake, and development of stomach cancer. Reducing salt intake, especially during pregnancy, also reduces the risk of developing breast cancer and many other diseases, as well as obesity. The risk of most cancers is reduced by losing weight. The geographical data and analyses currently available suggest that road salt (road salting in winter) may be associated with elevated mortality from cancer of the breast, lung, esophagus, throat, larynx, large intestine, rectum and bladder. There is no available literature on the health impacts of road salt. The cause and effect relationships cannot be established without further studies.
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PMID:[Salt and cancer]. 2064 83

Public health authorities have mounted campaigns aimed at educating Americans about the obesity epidemic and urging them to consume less sugar. Another food additive-salt-is also a culprit, and many experts believe it should be the target of our next major public health campaign. In addition to obesity, salt is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease (especially hypertension), gastric cancer, and osteoporosis. Most Americans consume much more salt than they need or is healthy, with up to 75% of it coming from prepared foods. To be successful, these campaigns must educate young consumers. These campaigns must also incorporate food manufacturers and change our dining environments so that low-sodium foods are accessible and affordable.
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PMID:Salt: important element, invisible menace. 2316 25

Interest in snus (Swedish type moist snuff) as an alternative to smoking is increasing, but the evidence on the health effects of switching from cigarettes to snus has not previously been reviewed. We identified six epidemiological cohort or case-control studies, all from Sweden, which allowed comparison of cancer or cardiovascular disease risk in current snus users who formerly smoked ("switchers") with that of never snus users who continued to smoke ("continuers") or of never snus users who quit smoking ("quitters"). Based on 13 sets of comparisons, one for oral cancer, one for stomach cancer and 11 for various cardiovascular disease endpoints, switchers were consistently found to have a lower risk than continuers, with relative risks varying from 0.35 to 0.61, and a similar risk to quitters. Based on estimates from four studies for ischaemic/coronary heart disease or acute myocardial infarction, meta-analyses gave combined relative risk estimates of 0.55 (95% confidence interval 0.45-0.68) for switchers vs. continuers and 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.83-1.26) for switchers vs. quitters. Though based on limited evidence with some weaknesses, these results are consistent with a recent review which found no increased risk of cancer or heart disease from snus use.
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PMID:The effect on health of switching from cigarettes to snus - a review. 2345 27

High blood pressure is a major cardiovascular risk factor. There is overwhelming evidence that high salt consumption is a major cause of increased blood pressure. There is also a link between high salt consumption and risk of stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal disease, obesity, renal stones and stomach cancer. Reducing salt consumption leads to a decrease in blood pressure and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. There are no deleterious effects associated with reducing salt consumption and it is also very cost-effective. Many organizations and state governments have issued recommendations regarding the suitable amount of salt consumption. In France, the objective is a salt consumption<8g/day in men and<6.5g/day in women and children. As 80% of consumed salt comes from manufactured products in developed countries, reduction of salt consumption requires the participation of the food industry. The other tool is consumer information and education. Salt consumption has already decreased in France in recent years, but efforts must continue.
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PMID:Should we eat less salt? 2376 6


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