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Query: UMLS:C0024623 (gastric cancer)
 36,219 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although no absolute certainty exists about the role of nutrition in the etiology of cancer, many facts in favor of the relationship became available during the last decades. Correlation studies, experimental work and to a lesser extent case-control studies made it possible to clarify the role of certain nutrients and foods in carcinogenesis. The most important cancer sites where nutrition could play a role are esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate and breast. Esophageal cancer is of a very complex etiology, in which alcohol intake plays an important role, at least in western countries. The cancer-promoting properties of alcohol intake are enhanced by smoking. Three factors from nutrition are probably related to stomach cancer, namely salt, nitrate/nitrite and vitamin C. Salt is caustic to the stomach mucosa, resulting in atrophic gastritis. Salt is also co-carcinogenic and stomach cancer-promoting in experimental animals. Nitrate is probably important at the stage of atrophic gastritis, where bacterial overgrowth, due to the high pH, converts nitrates in nitrites, making the loco synthesis possible of potent nitrosocarcinogens. Vitamin C inhibits the latter step. The epidemiological evidence for the role of those factors is provided. The most important among them is the strong and consistent association of stomach cancer mortality with stroke. Rectum, colon, prostate and breast cancer are related in some way to fat intake. They all seem positively related to saturated fat intake, whereas breast cancer is probably also promoted by polyunsaturated fat intake. However, polyunsaturated fat seems to be without effect on rectum cancer. Colon and prostate cancer are probably also influenced by polyunsaturated fat but to a lesser degree than breast cancer. An important argument for this are the positive ecological correlations between changes in rectum, colon and breast cancer mortality from 1968 on, and changes occurring in coronary heart diseases, stroke and diabetes mortality. Those six types of mortality are decreasing, or only slightly increasing in the USA, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, etc. They are strongly increasing in East European countries. The intake of saturated fat has generally decreased in the first group of countries, and has markedly increased in the second group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer. 353 16

Sixty-eight cases of cancer were treated by combined use of Thermotron RF-8 hyperthermia and radiotherapy, and 16 cases by combined use of hyperthermia and anti-cancer drug. The results of analysis of treatment are summarized as follows. Thermo-radiotherapy of shallow-seated tumor: Shallow-seated tumor at a depth of 7 cm or less from the skin surface was present in 43 cases. Most of these were metastatic tumors of lymph node, chest wall and abdominal wall. Pathological findings and primary effect; The effect of treatment was evaluable in 40 cases, the breakdown being as follows: CR 21 cases 53%, PR 13 cases 40%, and NR 3 cases 7%. The effectiveness ratios (CR/PRa) were as follows: adenocarcinoma 13 cases out of 18, 72%; squamous cell carcinoma 12 cases out of 15, 80%. The effectiveness ratios were thus almost the same. Tumor size and primary effect: Out of 19 cases of tumor 5.9 cm or smaller, 17 cases obtained CR. Out of 17 cases of tumor 6 cm or larger, there were 5 cases of CR. Cases of larger-sized tumor thus showed a poorer effect of treatment. Recurrence after radiotherapy: Nine cases of recurrence after radiotherapy were treated by combined use of hyperthermia and radiotherapy. Irradiation of 20 to 40 Gy was combined with 5 to 10 rounds of hyperthermia. The effectiveness ratio was 78%, i.e., 7 cases out of 9. Cases of recurrence of radio-resistant tumor after radiotherapy responded well to low-dose irradiation. Thermo-radiotherapy of deep-seated tumor: Twenty-two cases of deep-seated tumor were treated with the combined use of radiation therapy and hyperthermia. They comprised 10 cases of rectal cancer, 3 cases each of gastric cancer and uterine cancer, 2 cases each of lung cancer and sarcoma, and 2 cases involving other regions. The treatment results were: 3 cases each of CR, 15 cases of PR, and 4 cases of NR. The effectiveness ratio (CR + PRa) was 8 cases out of 22, i.e., 36%. Thermo-chemotherapy: Systemic administration of anti-cancer drug was combined with hyperthermia, and 16 cases were treated. They comprised 11 cases of gastric cancer, 3 cases of colo-rectal cancer, and one case of bile duct cancer. The administered drug was 5-FU in 8 cases, MMC in 7 cases, and CDDP in one case. The treatment results were; one case of CR, 4 cases of PR, 6 cases of MR, 3 cases of NC, and 2 cases of PD. More cases of lymph node tumor showed excellent results.
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PMID:[Clinical significance of the combined use of radiation therapy and hyperthermia]. 359 96

590-S is a new masked compound of 5-fluorouracil, the antimetabolic antitumor agent of the fluorinated pyrimidine group. The safe dose for the phase II study was determined during the phase I study to be 600 mg/m2/day, equivalent to 900 mg/body/day. The phase II study involving 24 institutions was performed for the treatment of gastro-intestinal cancer. A daily dose of 900 mg was given 3 times a day after meals for more than 4 weeks. The number of registered cases was 32 with stomach cancer, 17 with colo-rectal cancer and 8 with others. 4 of the 23 completed cases with stomach cancer were judged as PR, and the response rate was 19.0%. No response was found in the cases with colo-rectal cancer. Slight side effects were observed in 14 of the 44 evaluable cases. Most of these were gastro-intestinal disorders.
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PMID:[Phase II study of 590-S (1-phthalidyl-5-fluorouracil) in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Tokyo Cancer Chemotherapy Cooperative Group]. 367 97

To assess the potential of NMR-CT for demonstrating cancer of the digestive organs, we examined a total of 232 patients (89 with esophageal cancer, 52 with liver cancer, 40 with colorectal cancer, 9 with pancreatic cancer, 9 with gastric cancer, and 33 with other diseases). NMR-CT has many features, but we use especially those features which it is possible to select not only in the transverse plane but also in the coronal and sagittal planes, and it has excellent soft tissue contrast resolution. Our machine is a Picker International NMR-CT using a superconducting magnet of 0.256 tesla. Diagnosis of lymph node involvement of esophageal cancer. Using only the coronal plane, each patient was scanned by the spin echo technique (TE = 40, TR = 400) from the plane of the descending aorta to the plane of the trachea 1 cm in thickness, at 1 cm intervals, continuously. All the vessels were clearly differentiated as no-signal regions, especially in coronal images, from areas of carcinomatous involvement. Lymph nodes were identified as intense grey masses in fat tissue of high intensity. Twenty cases were proved by surgery or autopsy, and it was possible to assess 160 lymph-node groups. A total of 25 patients were imaged as having positive lymph nodes, but 17 of them had metastasis-positive nodes. In other 135 nodes imaged as negative lymph nodes, only two had metastasis and 133 were negative for metastasis. Overall accuracy was 93.8%. Diagnosis of liver cancer. Intrahepatic vessels were clearly imaged without using contrast enhancement in NMR-CT, so it was easy to diagnose the segment containing the tumor and to detect tumor emboli in the portal vein. The capsule was imaged in 84% (16/19) using IR techniques, although only 37% (7/19) could be imaged by X-CT. Diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Using the sagittal plane, the sacrum, urinary bladder and other organs were imaged better parallel to their axis, so that the relationship between rectal cancer and surrounding organs could be clearly visualised with NMR-CT. With regard to lymphatic metastasis, coronal imaging was useful for picturing mesenteric and pelvic vessels, so that lymph nodes were imaged as low-intensity masses along the vessels. Lymph metastasis almost 1 cm size can be detected using coronal NMR-CT.
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PMID:[Application of NMR-CT in the staging of cancer of the digestive organs]. 372 74

Utilizing data on deaths from 1951 to 1981, this study attempts to verify a time trend for stomach, colon and rectum cancer in the city of Naples. Time trend analysis and cohort analysis have shown an increase of colon rectum cancer mortality affecting cohorts born after 1871 and a decrease of stomach cancer mortality for those born after 1886. A comparison of mortality rates in three geographical areas shows that, while there is not any difference for stomach cancer, the mortality curves relating to cancer of the colon and rectum are higher in the city of Naples than in the province of Naples and the other provinces of Campania.
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PMID:Mortality from cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum in the city of Naples and the provinces of Campania. 384 19

CA 19-9 and CEA serum levels were determined before and 7 days after surgery in 140 patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, and in 70 patients with gastrointestinal non neoplastic diseases. CA 19-9 test was shown to be positive in 37.9% of colorectal cancer, in 32.6% of gastric cancer and in 77.8% of pancreatic cancer. CA 19-9 test was also shown to be more sensitive for colonic cancer with respect to rectal cancer (40.9% vs. 23.5%). CA 19-9 test is more sensitive and specific than CEA. In particular, the reported results suggest the clinical value of CA 19-9 test in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and as a suitable parameter in the follow-up of gastrointestinal cancer.
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PMID:Clinical value of CA 19-9 (carbohydrate antigen) in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. 385 72

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract represents a major international health problem. At the present time surgical resection for limited stages of disease represents the only treatment which can consistently provide long-term disease-free survival. Unfortunately, the majority of patients present with either microscopic metastatic disease in distant sites or advanced tumour growth which exceeds the limits of surgical resection. Relatively little progress has been made in the development of effective forms of non-surgical therapy. Gastric cancer, however, has been demonstrated to have greater sensitivity to forms of chemotherapy and radiation therapy than was previously appreciated. During the past decade, more effective forms of palliative therapy have been developed for patients with advanced disease, and approximately 15% of the cases with locally unresectable gastric cancer can now achieve long-term disease-free survival with combined forms of treatment. Unfortunately, similar progress has not been made in the management of pancreatic cancer or advanced colon cancer. The recent experience of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group with the use of combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy for rectal cancer has demonstrated that improved disease-free survival can be achieved for patients with Dukes B and C disease. Overall, the current limited efficacy and considerable toxicity of conventional therapies strongly support the development of new approaches to the management of gastrointestinal cancer; this includes the exploitation of the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of cell proliferation and cell cycle control, and the importance of oncogenes and growth factors for regulation of these processes. Ultimately, our understanding of the molecular genetics of gastrointestinal cancer might allow for development of more effective means for both prevention and treatment at the molecular level.
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PMID:Therapy of gastrointestinal cancer. 391 66

Family history of cancer was examined for 9,131 cancer patients who were reported to the Aichi Cancer Registry in 1979-1981, and were over 20 years old at diagnosis. The rate of patients whose parents and/or siblings had cancer of any site was 24.5%. The rate was 9.2% for father, 8.4% for mother, 6.0% for brother(s), and 5.2% for sister(s). A significant site concordance between study patient and family member with cancer was observed for cancer of the breast, colon and rectum, and stomach. The rate of family history of breast cancer patients was 3.3 times higher than the corresponding rate for other cancer patients (3.1% vs 0.9%). Similarly, the ratio was 2.2 in colon and rectum cancer (4.2% vs 1.9%), and 1.6 in stomach cancer (16.5% vs 10.1%). An increased risk of cancer was observed when both brother and sister had cancer. This may suggest an important role of environmental exposure at an early age, as well as genetic factors, in the development of cancer. The age distribution curve of the colon and rectum cancer patients who had a family history of the same cancer was found to be bimodal with the larger peak in the 40s and the smaller peak in the 70s. This may suggest a differential contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of colon and rectum cancer.
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PMID:Family history of cancer among cancer patients. 392 Jan

A simultaneous case-control study on stomach cancer and colo-rectal cancer involving 93 cases with stomach cancer, 93 cases with colo-rectal cancer and 186 controls was conducted using a common questionnaire at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital in 1981-83. A fondness for salty tastes, especially salted foods such as pickled hakusai (vegetable) and dried & salted fishes, which are typical traditional Japanese foods showed a significantly positive association with stomach cancer (relative risk(RR) = 2.60, P less than 0.01). On the other hand, the habit of eating a western-style breakfast, particularly for 10 years or more made a significant contribution to the risk of colon cancer (RR = 2.24, P less than 0.05) but conversely decreased the risk of stomach cancer (RR = 0.50, not significant (NS)) and rectal cancer (RR = 0.40, NS). In this study, relatively frequent intakes (4 times/week) of some vegetables, i.e. pumpkin, green pepper, onion and cabbage, showed high relative risks for both stomach and colon cancers, contrary to the findings of previous epidemiological studies. Cigarette smoking increased the risk of stomach cancer (RR = 1.99, NS) but decreased that of colon cancer (RR = 0.61, NS). There was no positive relation between drinking and cancer at any site. Some other factors with opposite effects on the two contrasting cancers and some independent factors were identified in this comparative case-control study.
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PMID:Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: a comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers in Nagoya, Japan. 393 Apr 48

The large majority of colorectal cancers are well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. Their biological behavior is not as malignant as that of stomach cancer, with a tendency of slow growth and limited spread. Surgery is therefore the first choice for management of these cancers even in cases where complete removal of the tumor is not expected, surgery is useful for the prolongation or improvement of the quality of life. However, the correct choice of operation for such cases is very important. The extent of resection and dissection must be decided based upon the degree of cancer spread. Both must be sufficient, but not excessive. In cases in the early stage where cancerous growth has not spread beyond the submucosal layer, local or segmental excision may be a good enough treatment. On the other hand, for far advanced rectal cancer involving adjacent organs, combined resection and pelvic evisceration is curatively effective. Several pathological findings of resected specimens influencing prognosis were investigated in the present study. In cases which appeared to be diffuse infiltrative spreading type in macroscopic appearance or poorly differentiated, undifferentiated, or mucinous types of cancer in their histological features, survival rates were low. However, these were uncommon and over half of them were much too far advanced to receive curative resection. Irradiation combined with hyperthermia or heavy chemotherapy were applied, but were mostly ineffective. For these uncommon types of cases as well as far advanced cases, we have no effective treatment other than surgery at this time.
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PMID:[Treatment of colorectal cancer]. 394 3


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